Abstract
In this paper we study the following second-order periodic system: where has a singularity. Under some assumptions on the and by Ortega’ small twist theorem, we obtain the existence of quasi-periodic solutions and boundedness of all the solutions.
1. Introduction and Main Result
In 1991, Levi [1] considered the following equation: wheresatisfies some growth conditions and. The author reduced the system to a normal form and then applied Moser twist theorem to prove the existence of quasi-periodic solution and the boundedness of all solutions. This result relies on the fact that the nonlinearitycan guarantee the twist condition of KAM theorem. Later, several authors improved Levi's result; we refer to [2–4] and the references therein.
Recently, Capietto et al. [5] studied the following equation: wheris a-periodic function and, where,??, andis a positive integer. Under the Lazer-Leach assumption that they prove the boundedness of solutions and the existence of quasi-periodic solution by Moser twist theorem. It is the first time that the equation of the boundedness of all solutions is treated in case of a singular potential.
We observe thatin (2) is smooth and bounded, so a natural question is to find sufficient conditions onsuch that all solutions of (2) are bounded whenis unbounded. The purpose of this paper is to deal with this problem.
Motivated by the papers [1, 5, 6], we consider the following equation: where
In order to state our main results, we give some notation and assumptions. Letbe some fixed constant. Let (A1)Assume anduniformly in.(A2)uniformly inforwhereand(A3)We suppose Lazer-Leach assumption holds:
Our main result is the following theorem.
Theorem 1. Under the assumptions (A1)–(A3), all the solutions of (4) are defined for all, and for each solution, one has.
The main idea of our proof is acquired from [6]. The proof of Theorem 1 is based on a small twist theorem due to Ortega [7]. The hypotheses (A1)–(A3) of our theorem are used to prove that the Poincaré mapping of (4) satisfies the assumptions of Ortega's theorem.
Moreover, we have the following theorem on solutions of Mather type.
Theorem 2. Assume thatsatisfies (7); then, there is ansuch that, for any, (4) has a solutionof Mather type with rotation number. More precisely,
Case??( is rational). The solutions,, are mutually unlinked periodic solution of periodic; moreover, in this case,
Case??2 ( is irrational). The solutionis either a usual quasi-periodic solution or a generalized one.
2. Proof of Theorem
2.1. Action-Angle Variables and Some Estimates
Observe that (4) is equivalent to the following Hamiltonian system: with the Hamiltonian function In order to introduce action and angle variables, we first consider the auxiliary autonomous equation: which is an integrable Hamiltonian system with Hamiltonian function The closed curvesare just the integral curves of (11).
Denote bythe time period of the integral curveof (11) defined byand bythe area enclosed by the closed curvefor everyLetbe such thatIt is easy to see that By direct computation we get so We then have where
We now give the estimates on the functionsand.
Lemma 3. One has where,. Note that here and below one always uses ,, orto indicate some constants.
Proof. Now we estimate the first inequality. We choseas the new variable of integration; then we have
Sinceand, we haveBy direct computation, we have
and then we get
Whenandis sufficiently large, there exitssuch that, so we have
Since, we have
and then
Observing that there issuch thatwhenand, we have
By (22)–(25) we have,.
The proof of the second inequality is similar to the first one, so we only give a brief proof.
We chooseas the new variable of integration, so we have
By direct computation, we have
By (27), we can easily get
where.
By a similar way to that used in estimating, we get
which means that
Thus Lemma 3 is proved.
Remark 4. It follows from the definitions of??,and Lemma 3 that Thus the time periodis dominated bywhenis sufficiently large. From the relation betweenand, we knowis dominated bywhenis sufficiently large.
Remark 5. It also follows from the definition of,,and Remark 4 that
Remark 6. Note thatis the inverse function of. By Remark 5, we have
We now carry out the standard reduction to the action-angle variables. For this purpose, we define the generating function, whereis the part of the closed curveconnecting the point on the-axis and point.
We define the well-known mapby which is symplectic since
From the above discussion, we can easily get
In the new variables, the system (9) becomes where
In order to estimate, we need the estimate on the function.
Lemma 7. Forsufficiently large and, the following estimates hold:
The Lemma was first proved in [1], and later [5] gives a different proof; [8] using the method of induction hypothesis also gives another proof. So, for concision, we omit the proof.
2.2. New Action and Angle Variables
Now we are concerned with the Hamiltonian system (37) with Hamiltonian functiongiven by (38). Note that This means that if one can solvefrom (38) as a function of(usingandas parameters), then is also a Hamiltonian system with Hamiltonian functionand now the action, angle, and time variables are,, and.
From (38) and Lemma 3, we have So we assume thatcan be written as wheresatisfiesRecalling thatis the inverse function of, we have which implies that As a consequence,is implicitly defined by
For the estimates of, we need the following lemmas.
Lemma 8. Let and be continuously differentiable for, whereis an interval of. If(1)as, uniformly with respect to,(2)as, uniformly with respect tothen one has as, uniformly with respect to.
Proof. For any, there exits, such that if, we have
LetThen by Lagrangian differential mean value theorem, it follows that, for all, we have
Moreover, there exists a constantsuch that
By condition (A1), there exists; we have.
Thus
Lemma 9. Under the assumptions (A1) and (A2), the following results hold:(1)uniformly in, forand, wherefor, andfor.(2), forand, wherefor.
Proof. Result (1) is similar to Lemmain [9], so we omit the proof.
For result (2), we first prove that, for and ,
Forand, by result (1), we have that
uniformly in. It follows that
This means that (51) holds forFor, combining this with result (1) and the result of (51) for, we have that (51) still holds. Inductively we can prove that (51) holds for all
Obviously, it follows that
Using Lemma 8 and the first result (1) for, it follows that
for. In a similar way to the proof of (51), we have
whereThus we proved Lemma 9.
Now we give the estimates ofBy Lemma 9, in a similar way to that for Lemma 2.3 in [5], we have the following lemma.
Lemma 10. The functionsatisfies the following estimates:
Moreover, by the implicit function theorem, there exists a functionsuch that Since
by Lemmas 3 and 10, we have the estimates on.
Lemma 11. Consider the following:
For the estimate of, we need the estimate onBy Lemma 3 and noticing that, we have the following lemma.
Lemma 12. Consider the following:
Now the new Hamiltonian functionis written in the form The system (41) is of the form Introduce a new action variableand a parameterby. Then,Under this transformation, the system (63) is changed into the form which is also Hamiltonian system with the new Hamiltonian function Obviously, if, the solutionof (64) with the initial dateis defined in the intervaland. So the Poincaré map of (64) is well defined in the domain.
Lemma 13 (see [6] Lemma). The Poincaré map of (64) has intersection property.
The proof is similar to the corresponding one in [6].
For convenience we introduce the notationand. We say a functionifis smooth inand, for, for some constantwhich is independent of the arguments,,, and .
Similarly, we sayifis smooth inand, for, uniformly in.
2.3. Poincaré Map and Twist Theorems
We will use Ortega' small twist theorem to prove that the Pioncaré maphas an invariant closed curve, ifis sufficiently small. Let us first recall the theorem in [7].
Lemma 14 (Ortega’s Theorem). Letbe a finite cylinder with universal coverThe coordinate inis denoted byConsider a map One assumes that the map has the intersection property. Suppose that,is a lift ofand it has the form whereis an integer and is a parameter. The functions,??, , andsatisfy In addition, one assumes that there is a functionsatisfying Moreover, suppose that there are two numbers andsuch thatand where Then there existandsuch that, ifand the mappinghas an invariant curve in. The constantis independent of.
We make the ansatz that the solution of (64) with the initial conditionis of the form Then, the Poincaré map of (64) is The functionsandsatisfy whereandBy Lemmas 9, 11, and 12, we know that Hence, for, we may choosesufficiently small such that Moreover we can prove that
In a similar way to that used for estimating, by direct calculation we have the following lemma.
Lemma 15. The following estimates hold:
Now we give an asymptotic expression of Poincaré map of (63); that is, we study the behavior of the functionsandatasIn order to estimateand, we need to introduce the following definition and lemma. Let where.
Lemma 16. Consider the following:
Proof. This Lemma was proved in [5], so we omit the details.
For estimateand, we need the estimates ofand.
We recall that, when, we have
When, by the definition of, we have
which yields that
Now we can give the estimates ofand.
Lemma 17. The following estimates hold true: for
Proof. Firstly we considerBy Lemmas 11, 12, and 15 and (77), we have
By result (2) of Lemma 9, aswhich meanswe have
By the measure of, we have
By (90) and (91), we have
Now we considerBy Lemmas 11, 12, and 15 and (77), we have
By result (2) of Lemma 9, as, we have
By the measure of, we have
By (94) and (95), we have
Thus Lemma 17 is proved.
2.4. Proof of Theorem 1
Let Then there are two functions and such that the Poincaré map of (64), given by (76) of the form where
Since,we have Let Then
The other assumptions of Ortega’s theorem are easily verified. Hence, there is an invariant curve ofin the annuluswhich implies the boundedness of our original equation (4). Then Theorem 1 is proved.
2.5. Proof of Theorem 2
We apply Aubry-Mather theory. By Theorem B in [10] and the monotone twist property of the Pioncarémapguaranteed by, it is straightforward to check that Theorem 2 is correct.