Wave Breaking Phenomenon for DGH Equation with Strong Dissipation

Abstract

The present work is mainly concerned with the Dullin-Gottwald-Holm (DGH) equation with strong dissipative term. We establish some sufficient conditions to guarantee finite time blow-up of strong solutions.

1. Introduction

Dullin et al. [1] derived a new equation describing the unidirectional propagation of surface waves in a shallow water regime: where the constants and are squares of length scales and the constant is the critical shallow water speed for undisturbed water at rest at spatial infinity. Since this equation is derived by Dullin et al., in what follows, we call this new integrable shallow water equation (1) DGH equation.

If , (1) becomes the well-known KdV equation, whose solutions are global as long as the initial data is square integrable. This is proved by Bourgain [2]. If and , (1) reduces to the Camassa-Holm equation, which was derived physically by Camassa and Holm in [3] by approximating directly the Hamiltonian for Euler’s equations in the shallow water regime, where represents the free surface above a flat bottom. The properties about the well-posedness, blow-up, global existence, and propagation speed for the Camassa-Holm equation have already been studied in recent papers [4–10].

It is very interesting that (1) still preserves the bi-Hamiltonian structure and has the following two conserved quantities:

Recently, in [11], local well-posedness of strong solutions to (1) was established by applying Kato’s theory [12] and some sufficient conditions on the initial data were found to guarantee finite time blow-up phenomenon. Moreover, Zhou [13] found the best constants for two convolution problems on the unit circle via variational method and applied the best constants on (1) to give sufficient conditions on the initial data. Later, Zhou and Guo improved the results and got some new criteria on blow-up and then discussed the persistence properties of the strong solutions and infinite propagation speed in the recent work [14].

In general, it is quite difficult to avoid energy dissipation mechanism in the real world. Ghidaglia [15] studied the long time behavior of solutions to the weakly dissipative KdV equation as a finite dimensional dynamical system. Moreover, the weakly dissipative Camassa-Holm equation was investigated on the blow-up criteria and global existence in recent works [16, 17], and very related work can be found in [18]. In this work, we are interested in the following model, which can be viewed as the DGH equation with dissipation: where , , , and is the dissipative term which will be demonstrated when we introduce this model in the subsequent section. Indeed, (3) can be written into the following form in terms of :

Set ; then the operator can be expressed by for all with . Using this identity, we can rewrite (3) as a quasilinear equation of hyperbolic type where , . We find that and are no longer conserved for (3); this observation would make our research interesting. Note that the present dissipation model is of great importance mathematically and physically; it could be regarded as a model of a type of a certain rate-dependent continuum material called a compressible second-grade fluid [19]. We also would like to mention another dispersive DGH model. This can be achieved by replacing in (3) with , and some results have been obtained by Tian’s group [20]. The investigation of (3) in the periodic framework is attributed to [21]. The motivation here is to show the influence of this dissipation on the behavior of solutions, which can be illustrated by the following blow-up criteria. Precisely, we will examine the wave breaking phenomenon for the Cauchy problem and learn how parameter plays a role in blow-up mechanism; moreover, some comparisons will be made with the well-known DGH equation or the Camassa-Holm equation.

In what follows, we assume that and just for simplicity. Since is bounded by its -norm, a general case with does not change our results essentially, but it would lead to unnecessary technical complications. So the above equation is reduced to a simpler form: where For convenience of discussion, we do scaling as follows: Therefore, (7) becomes where For concision of notations, we remove the tilde in (10) if there is no ambiguity. Then we obtain for some positive finite .

The rest of this paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we list the local well-posedness theorem for (12) with initial datum , , and show that the lifespan of the corresponding solution is finite if and only if its first-order derivative blows up. In Section 3, we give some new criteria to show the generation of singularities to (12); in particular, the blow-up condition with the suitable integral form of initial momentum is involved. For simplicity, we drop in our notations of function spaces if there is no ambiguity. Additionally, denotes the norm of in this paper.

2. Preliminaries

In this section, we make some preparations for our consideration; some results here are standard, but we still give their proofs for convenience of readers. Firstly, the local well-posedness of the Cauchy problem of (12) with initial data with can be obtained by applying Kato’s theorem [12]. More precisely, we have the following local well-posedness result.

Theorem 1. Given , , there exists and a unique solution to (12), such that Moreover, the solution depends continuously on the initial data; that is, the mapping is continuous and the maximal time of existence is independent of .

Proof. Set , , , , , and . Applying Kato’s theory for abstract quasilinear evolution equation of hyperbolic type, we obtain the local well-posedness of (12) in , , and .

The maximal value of in Theorem 1 is usually called the lifespan of the solution. If , that is, , we say the solution blows up in finite time. Next, we show that the corresponding solution blows up if and only if its first-order derivative blows up in finite time.

Theorem 2. Given , , the solution of (12) blows up in finite time if and only if

Proof. We first assume that for some , . Equation (12) can be written into the following form in terms of : Multiplying (15) by and integrating by parts, we have Differentiating (15) with respect to , multiplying the resulting equation by , and integrating by parts again, we obtain Summarizing the above two equations, we obtain If is bounded from below on , for example, , where is a positive constant, then we get by (18) and Gronwall’s inequality Therefore the -norm of the solution to (12) does not blow up in finite time. Furthermore, similar argument shows that the -norm with does not blow up either in finite time. Consequently, this theorem can be proved by Theorem 1 and simple density argument for all . On the other hand, if (14) holds, by Sobolev embedding theorem, we easily know the corresponding solution blows up in finite time.

Next, we prove that the energy decays as time goes on.

Lemma 3. Let ; then as long as the solution given by Theorem 1 exists, for any , one has where the norm is defined as

Proof. Multiplying both sides of (15) by and integrating by parts on , we get Note that Then, we have and hence Thus, we easily have and therefore By integration from to , we get Hence, (20) is proved.

Lemma 4 (see [22]). Let be the solution to (12) on with initial data , , as given by Theorem 1. Then for function , , there exists at least one point with ; the function is almost everywhere differentiable on with

The quantity is often used to consider blow-up phenomenon in the following. It is easy to derive an equation for from (12) as

3. Wave Breaking Phenomenon

In this section, we will establish some new criteria to guarantee the formation of singularities for the corresponding solutions to (12). The first one is as follows.

Theorem 5. Assume that , , satisfies the following condition: for some ; then the corresponding solution to (12) blows up in finite time.

Proof. In [13], Zhou has found the best constant in which is different from the periodic case. The inequality is as follows: Moreover, is the best constant obtained by for some , .
With this in hand, we have from (30)
For the best constant of Sobolev embedding in , we can compute it easily as follows. For any , Thus, combining with (20), we have the following inequality: Moreover, it is easy to check that the equality is obtained by for any .
Therefore, putting inequality (35) into (33), it follows that where . From the hypothesis, we have . Thus . By continuity with respect to of , we have , for any . Therefore, for any , we have . Solving the inequality above yields Therefore, there exists some satisfying such that . Hence, the corresponding solution of (12) blows up in finite time.

Next, we have blow-up criterion with the following form.

Theorem 6. Assume that , , satisfies the following condition: and then the corresponding strong solution to (12) blows up in finite time.

Proof. From (12), differentiating both sides of it with respect to variable , we obtain Then we can get Next multiplying on both sides of (41) and integrating by parts with respect to , one obtains In view of (41), we obtain the following inequality: By Cauchy-Schwartz inequality, we obtain and it follows that Therefore, putting it into (43), we get Let , with denoting ; by the above analysis, we get where . The remaining part is very similar to the above theorem. We can deduce that there exists a time such that
On the other hand, which shows that . This completes the proof of Theorem 6.

Remark 7. We note that if in the above theorems, then the blow-up conditions are nothing but the ones established by Constantin and Zhou et al. for the Camassa-Holm equation or the DGH equation. We presented them here to show that the dissipation structure of the equation not only caused energy decay but also affected the wave breaking behavior although these arguments seem to be standard.

Motivated by McKean’s deep observation for the Camassa-Holm equation [23], we can do a similar particle trajectory as where is the corresponding strong solution to (12). Then for any fixed in its lifespan, is a diffeomorphism of the line with Moreover, one can verify the following important identity for the strong solution in its lifespan: we get where is defined by , for in its lifespan.

From the expression of in terms of , for all , we can rewrite and as follows: from which we get that The following criterion shows that wave breaking occurs when the suitable integral form of initial momentum satisfies certain condition for all positive finite . This is motivated by the work in [13]. We do not have direct restrictions on initial velocity slope. Compared to the result in [13], the right-hand constants can be viewed as the up and down translation of the condition for DGH equation, so this observation itself is nontrivial. Obviously, if , then our result is valid for the Camassa-Holm equation. Namely, we have the following.

Theorem 8. Assume that and there exists an such that the initial momentum . Furthermore, Then the corresponding solution to (12) with initial data blows up in finite time.

Proof. We obtain by (41) that Now we consider the problem at , and then where we use inequality (32).
Claim. is decreasing, , and , for , where is the maximal existence time of the solution.
By (54) and (55) and the assumption, we note that We prove the claim by method of contradiction. If not, there exists a such that but or For this purpose, we let First, differentiating , we obtain The first term of (64) is given by The second term of (64) is given by where we have used which can be derived from our assumption and (4). Moreover, the following estimate is also used: Then Combining (65) and (66) together yields Similarly, we can get for that By continuity, we note that which contradicts our assumption. Thus, is strictly decreasing. On the other hand, (55) and initial assumption make be obvious. Therefore, the claim holds. Now let us go back to (58) and denote Since is strictly decreasing with initial assumption , there exist a and a positive constant such that, for all , we have Then (72) becomes Solving the above inequality directly, one gets It is easy to observe that as goes to . This fact implies that the solution does not exist globally; that is, wave breaking occurs. This completes the proof of the theorem.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

This work is partially supported by ZJNSF (Grant no. LQ12A01009), the National Key Basic Research Program of China (973 Program under Grant no. 2012CB426510), and NSFC (Grant no. 11301394).