Annual Energy Consumption Forecasting Based on PSOCA-GRNN Model

Table 1

Forecasting results of China’s annual energy consumption from 2005 to 2010 by PSOCA-GRNN, GRNN, PSO-GRNN, DGM (1, 1), and OLS_LR models.

Year	Actual value	PSOCA-GRNN		GRNN		PSO-GRNN		DGM (1, 1)		OLS_LR
		Forecasting value	Relative error; (%)	Forecasting value	Relative error; (%)	Forecasting value	Relative error; (%)	Forecasting value	Relative error; (%)	Forecasting value	Relative error; (%)
2005	2359.97	2368.83	0.376	2364.76	0.203	2364.35	0.186	2256.48	−4.385	2416.80	2.408
2006	2586.76	2531.02	−2.155	2488.45	−3.801	2488.69	−3.791	2362.46	−8.671	2527.70	−2.283
2007	2805.08	2743.11	−2.209	2657.41	−5.264	2835.58	1.087	2473.41	−11.824	2851.23	1.645
2008	2914.48	2921.98	0.257	2744.65	−5.827	2860.33	−1.858	2589.58	−11.148	3053.78	4.779
2009	3066.47	2981.48	−2.772	2929.51	−4.466	2927.90	−4.519	2711.21	−11.585	3189.39	4.009
2010	3249.39	3249.11	−0.009	3240.49	−0.274	3222.71	−0.821	2838.54	−12.644	3332.16	2.547