A Closed-Loop Supply Chain Problem with Retailing and Recycling Competition

Figure 5

Impact of the retailing and recycling substitution effects on channel profit in model 𝐷𝐶.

(a) Impact on the manufacturer’s profit in forward channel

(b) Impact on the manufacturer’s profit in reverse channel

(c) Impact on the retailers’ profit in forward channel

(d) Impact on the retailers’ profit in reverse channel