Abstract
The extended homotopy analysis method (EHAM) is presented to establish the analytical approximate solutions for two-degree-of-freedom (2-DOF) coupled van der Pol-Duffing oscillator. Meanwhile, the comparisons between the results of the EHAM and standard Runge-Kutta numerical method are also presented. The results demonstrate that the analytical approximate solutions of the EHAM agree well with the numerical integration solutions. For EHAM as an analytical approximation method, we are not sure whether it can apply to all of the nonlinear systems; we can only verify its effectiveness through specific cases. As a result of the existence of nonlinear terms, we must study different types of systems, no matter from the complication of calculation and physical significance.
1. Introduction
Mathematical methods for the natural and engineering sciences problems have drawn considerable attention in recent years. In normal circumstances, most of the nonlinear dynamical models can be governed by a set of differential equations and auxiliary conditions from modeling processes [1]. Numerous analytical methods have been developed to deal with the nonlinear differential equations, such as the modified perturbation methods [2–5], improved harmonic balance methods [6, 7], energy balance method [8, 9], and the frequency-amplitude formulation [10, 11]. Enlightening from the basic concepts of the homotopy in topology [12, 13], Liao developed the homotopy analysis method (HAM) [14–16] which does not require small parameters as one of the efficient analytical techniques in solving a variety of nonlinear vibration problems.
Recently, great attention is paid to the discussion of coupled oscillators of nonlinear dynamical systems because most of practical engineering problems can be governed by such coupled systems [17–19]. The extended homotopy analysis method (EHAM) is one method based on the HAM envisioned first by Liao [16]. More recently, Qian et al. [20] extended the HAM to deal with strongly nonlinear coupled van der Pol oscillators. For EHAM as an analytical approximation method, we are not sure whether it can apply to all of the nonlinear systems; we can only verify its effectiveness through specific cases. As a result of the existence of nonlinear terms, we must study different types of systems, no matter from the complication of calculation and physical significance. By solving such example, it is illustrated that the present techniques are not an adhoc approach; it can be generalized to investigate more complicated nonlinear multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) dynamical systems.
In the present work, the exact analytical series solutions of the two-degree-of-freedom (2-DOF) coupled van der Pol-Duffing system are obtained by using the EHAM, and we also establish the comparisons between the results of the EHAM and standard Runge-Kutta numerical method. It is shown that the periodic solutions of the EHAM are in excellent agreement with the numerical integration ones, even if time progresses to a certain large domain. In what follows, Section 2 presents the EHAM of the MDOF dynamical system. Moreover, the EHAM is presented to establish the analytical approximate solutions for 2-DOF coupled van der Pol-Duffing oscillator in the next section. In Section 4, numerical comparisons are carried out to authenticate the correctness and accuracy of the present method. Finally, the paper ends with concluding remarks in Section 5.
2. The Extended Homotopy Analysis Method
The MDOF dynamical system is considered by the following equation: where is an -dimensional unknown vector, a dot denotes the derivative with respect to time , , , and are, respectively, mass, damping, and stiffness matrixes, and is the vector function of , , and . Let ; then (1) is an autonomous dynamical system.
From (1), we define a nonlinear operator as where is an unknown vector value function and and are spatial and temporal variables, respectively.
In (2), the unknown vector functions of , , and are, respectively,
According to the fundamental concepts and working procedures of the HAM [1, 2], the zeroth-order deformation equation can be constructed as follows: where is an embedding parameter, is the solution of initial guess, is an auxiliary linear operator, and and are the auxiliary parameters and the functions, respectively.
The operator has the following property: When and , the zeroth-order deformation equation (4) is and , respectively. Hence, as increases from 0 to 1, the solution varies from the initial guess solution to the exact solution . In this paper, where with the initial conditions
Setting and expanding into the Taylor series expansion with respect to in accordance with the theorem of vector-valued function, we obtain
If the auxiliary linear operator, initial guess solution, auxiliary parameters , and auxiliary functions are properly chosen, the series equation (10) converges at , and we arrive at For brevity, the vector of is defined as
Differentiating the zeroth-order deformation equation (4) times with respect to then dividing the equation by and setting yield where
The th-order deformation equation (13) is a linear equation, which can be readily solved by the symbolic software such as Mathematica.
3. Application of the EHAM
In this section, we apply the EHAM for analysis of the two coupled van der Pol-Duffing oscillators:where the superscript denotes the differentiation with respect to time , and are the unknown real functions, and , , , , , , and are parameters.
We introduce a new variable and substitute , , and into (15a) and (15b). Therefore, we havesubject to the initial conditions where a prime denotes the derivative with respect to variable . Provided that the periodic solutions in (16a) and (16b) can be expressed by a set of base functions one obtains
For the initial approximation, and are assumed as and the linear operator is defined as
We can define a nonlinear operator as the following by EHAM:and the nonlinear operator is
In terms of the principle of solution expression, we select the auxiliary functions as and ; thus the zeroth-order deformation equation is given by where with the initial conditions
For , the solutions of (24)–((26a), (26b)) are
While , the zeroth-order deformation equations (24)–((26a), (26b)) are equivalent to the original equations (16a), (16b), and (17). Thus, we get
Obviously, as the embedding parameter varies from 0 to 1, changes from the initial guess to the exact solutions . In addition, changes from the initial guess frequency to the nonlinear physical frequency .
With the help of the Taylor series expansion and (13), we obtainwhere
If the auxiliary parameters and are properly chosen, the power series solutions in (29a), (29b), and (29c) are converged at . Then from (28), we get
For simplicity, the following vectors are defined as
By differentiating the zeroth-order deformation equation (24) times with respect to , then dividing the equation by , and setting , the th-order deformation equation is formulated as follows: with the initial conditions in which
Because of the principle of solution expression and the linear operator , the right side of (33) should not contain the terms of and or the secular terms and . The coefficients are set to be zero to yield
The solutions of , , , and () from (33) and (36a), (36b), (36c), and (36d) can be computed successively. To achieve more accurate results, we modify the solution of as follows: where is a small parameter.
4. Numerical Simulation and Discussion
In this section, numerical experiment is conducted to verify the accuracy of the present approach.
Taking , , , , , , , and the initial approximations of , , , and are , , , and , respectively.
For simplicity and accuracy, we set , , and ; then the comparison of the phase curves of the fifth-order approximation with the numerical integration solution is shown in Figure 1.
(a)
(b)
The initial conditions of the numerical integration method are , , , and .
Moreover, the fifth-order analytical solutions (, , and ) are given as in which
The above results demonstrate that the system has an in-phase solution. While giving the initial approximations of , , , and , we can get an out-of-phase solution to the system.
In this case, the comparison between the phase curves of the fifth-order approximation and the numerical integration solution is portrayed in Figure 2.
(a)
(b)
The initial conditions of the numerical integration method are , , , and , and the fifth-order analytical solutions are written as in which
5. Conclusions
In the present paper, the EHAM approach is applied to get asymptotic analytical series solutions of 2-DOF van der Pol-Duffing oscillators with a nonlinear coupling. The basic idea described in this paper is expected to be more employed in solving other dynamical systems in engineering and physical sciences. Comparisons with the numerical results are presented to demonstrate the validity of this method. In summary, compared with some other methods, the EHAM has the following advantages.(1)The EHAM provides an ingenious avenue for controlling the convergences of approximation series. Numerical comparisons demonstrate that the EHAM is an effective and robust analytical method of 2-DOF van der Pol-Duffing oscillators.(2)Because of its flexibility, the present techniques can also be further generalized to analyze more complicated nonlinear MDOF dynamical systems that can only be analyzed by numerical methods.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
Authors’ Contribution
All the authors contributed equally and significantly to the writing of this paper. All the authors read and approved the final paper.
Acknowledgments
The author Y. H. Qian gratefully acknowledges the support of the National Natural Science Foundations of China (NNSFC) through Grants nos. 11202189 and 11304286 and the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province of China through Grant no. LY12A02002. The author S. M. Chen gratefully appreciates the financial support from the NNSFC through Grants no. 11371326. The author L. Shen gratefully acknowledges the support from open experiment project of Zhejiang Normal University. The authors are also grateful to the anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments and suggestions.