Abstract

Based on the exponential dichotomy of linear dynamic equations on time scales, we obtain some sufficient conditions for the existence and global exponential stability of almost periodic solutions for a class of Duffing equations with time-varying delays on time scales. We also present numerical examples to show the feasibility of obtained results. The results of this paper are completely new even when the time scale or and are complementary to the previously known results.

1. Introduction

As we know Duffing equations describe the motion of a mechanical system in a twin-well potential field. Due to their promising potential applications in areas of physics, mechanics, and engineering technique fields, various kinds of dynamic behaviors of Duffing equations have been studied by many authors (see [14]). Among them, the existence of almost periodic solutions is an important topic. For example, authors of [5] investigated the following Duffing equation: where is an almost periodic function on , is an integer, and is a constant. Under the assumption that) by using the exponential dichotomy and some mathematical analysis technique; they obtained some criteria for the existence of almost periodic solutions for (1); in [6], authors investigated the following Duffing equation: By using differential inequalities and some mathematical analysis technique, they obtained some criteria for the existence of almost periodic solutions for (3) without assuming condition . After that, authors of [7] considered the existence of almost periodic solutions for the following Duffing equation: Taking (4) is transformed into the following system: Then, considering the coefficients in (4) are usually time-varying, authors of [8] gave conditions to guarantee the existence of almost periodic solutions of the following equation:

However, there have been few results about the discrete analogue of the above systems. In fact, both continuous and discrete systems are very important in implementation and applications. But it is troublesome to study the dynamics for continuous and discrete systems, respectively. Therefore, it is significant to study that on time scales which can unify the continuous and discrete situations.

Motivated by the above, in this paper, we study the almost periodic solutions of the following Duffing equation on time scale : where , , is an almost periodic time scale, and is a constant.

Remark 1. If , and , then (8) reduces to (3). If , , , and , then (8) reduces to (4), which can be transformed to (7). Hence, (3), (4), and (7) are all special cases of (8).

Let be a continuous function with continuous -derivatives on . Set then we transform (8) into the following system: where , .

To the best of our knowledge, up to now, there are no results available on the existence and global exponential stability of almost periodic solution for Duffing equations on time scales. Our main aim of this paper is to study the existence of almost periodic solutions for (10) with the exponential dichotomy of linear dynamic equations on time scales. Moreover, we also study the global exponential stability of almost periodic solutions for (10), which was not considered in [58]. Our results of this paper are new and complementary to the previously known results.

For convenience, we denote . For an almost periodic function , denote , . Set ; is an almost periodic function on , , with the norm ; then is a Banach space. The initial condition of (10) is where .

Throughout this paper, we assume that the following condition holds:, with are all almost periodic functions, where denotes the set of positively regressive functions from to , and is almost periodic, where .

This paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we introduce some notations and definitions and state some preliminary results which are needed in later sections. In Section 3, we establish some sufficient conditions for the existence of almost periodic solutions of (10) and prove that these conditions also guarantee the global exponential stability of almost periodic solutions of (10). In Section 4, we give examples to illustrate the feasibility of our results obtained in previous sections. We draw a conclusion in Section 5.

2. Preliminaries

In this section, we introduce some definitions and state some preliminary results.

Definition 2 (see [9]). Let be a nonempty closed subset (time scale) of . The forward and backward jump operators and the graininess are defined, respectively, by

Lemma 3 (see [9]). Assume that are two regressive functions; then (i) and ;(ii);(iii);(iv);(v).

Lemma 4 (see [9]). Let , be -differentiable functions on ; then (i), for any constants , ;(ii);(iii)if , then is nondecreasing.

Lemma 5 (see [9]). Assume that for ; then .

Definition 6 (see [9]). A function is called regressive if for all . The set of all regressive functions will be denoted by . A function is positively regressive if for all . The set of all positively regressive functions will be denoted by .

Lemma 7 (see [9]). Suppose that ; then (i), for all ;(ii)if for all , , then for all .

Lemma 8 (see [9]). If and , then

Definition 9 (see [10]). A time scale is called an almost periodic time scale if

Definition 10 (see [10]). Let be an almost periodic time scale. A function is said to be almost periodic on , if, for any , the set is relatively dense in ; that is, for any , there exists a constant such that each interval of length contains at least one such that The set is called the -translation set of , is called the -translation number of , and is called the inclusion of .

Lemma 11 (see [10]). If is an almost periodic function, then is bounded on .

Lemma 12 (see [10]). If are almost periodic functions, then are also almost periodic.

Lemma 13 (see [10]). If is almost periodic and is uniformly continuous on the value field of , then is almost periodic.

Definition 14 (see [11]). Let and be a matrix-valued function on ; the linear system is said to admit an exponential dichotomy on if there exist positive constants , , , projection and the fundamental solution matrix of (17) satisfying where is a matrix norm on ; that is, if , then we can take .

Lemma 15 (see [10]). If (17) admits an exponential dichotomy, then the following almost periodic system has an almost periodic solution as follows: where is the fundamental solution matrix of (17).

Lemma 16 (see [11]). If is a uniformly bounded -continuous matrix-valued function on and there is a such that then (17) admits an exponential dichotomy on .

Definition 17. Let be an almost periodic solution of (10) with initial value . If there exist positive constants with and such that for an arbitrary solution of (8) with initial value satisfies where , , and , . Then the solution is said to be globally exponentially stable.

3. Main Results

In this section, we will state and prove the existence and global exponential stability of almost periodic solutions of (10).

Let , where . Then , where . We have the following theorem.

Theorem 18. Let hold. Suppose further that there exists a positive constant such that the following inequalities hold: Then (10) has a unique almost periodic solution in .

Proof. For any given , we consider the following almost periodic system: Since holds, it follows from Lemma 16 that the linear system admits an exponential dichotomy on . Thus, by Lemma 15, we obtain that (25) has an almost periodic solution, which is expressed as follows: For every , we have . Define the following nonlinear operator: We will show that is a contraction.
At first, we show that for any , we have . Note that that is, . So the mapping is a self-mapping from to . Next, we prove that the mapping is a contraction mapping of . In fact, for any , , we can get where . Noticing that , it is clear that the mapping is a contraction mapping of . By the fixed point theorem of Banach space, has a unique fixed point in . That is, (10) has a unique almost periodic solution in . This completes the proof of Theorem 18.

Theorem 19. Let hold. Then the almost periodic solution of (10) is globally exponentially stable.

Proof. By Theorem 18, (10) has an almost periodic solution with the initial value . Suppose that is an arbitrary solution of (10) with the initial value . Denote , where , . Then it follows from (10) that The initial condition of (31) is Multiply both sides of the first equation of (31) by and the second equation by , respectively. Then integrating on , where , we get For positive a constant with , we have , where . Take ; then it is obvious that and We claim that To prove this claim, we show that for any constant , the following inequality holds: which implies that By way of contradiction, assume that (36) does not hold. We will have the following three cases.
Case  1. Inequality (38) is true and (37) is not true. Then there exist and such that Note that, in view of (33), we have In the above proof we use the inequality . Thus we get a contradiction.
Case  2. Inequality (37) is true and (38) is not true. Then there exist and such that Note that, in view of (33), we have where . We also get a contradiction.
Case  3. Inequalities (37) and (38) are both untrue. By Case 1 and Case 2, we can obtain a contradiction. Therefore, (36) holds. Let ; then (35) holds. We can take ; then and . Hence, we have that which implies that the periodic solution of (10) is globally exponentially stable. This completes the proof of Theorem 19.

Remark 20. It is easy to see that when , Theorem 18 extends the results obtained in [58]. Moreover, when , , , and , Theorem 18 improves the results obtained in [6].

4. Numerical Examples

In this section, we present numerical examples to illustrate the feasibility of our results obtained in Section 3.

Example 1. Consider the delay Duffing equation on an almost periodic time scale : It is easy to see that , , , , , and . If we set , then we have , . If , then , and if , then . We can verify for the above two cases; , , . That is, all conditions of Theorem 18 are satisfied. Hence, (44) has an almost periodic solution, which is globally exponentially stable.

Example 2. Consider the delay Duffing equation on : It is easy to see that , , , , , , , and . If we set , then we have , . Hence, we have that , , and , which imply that all conditions of Theorem 18 are satisfied. Hence, (45) has an almost periodic solution, which is globally exponentially stable.

5. Conclusion

Using the exponential dichotomy of linear dynamic equations on time scales and the time scale calculus theory, some sufficient conditions are derived to guarantee the existence and exponential stability of almost periodic solutions for a class of Duffing equation on time scales. To the best of our knowledge, the results presented here have not appeared in the related literature. Besides, the results obtained in this paper possess feasibility. Moreover, the method in this paper may be applied to some other differential equations on time scales.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the referees for their careful reading of the paper, support, and insightful comments. This work is supported by the National Natural Sciences Foundation of People’s Republic of China under Grant 11361072.