Abstract

In this study, the generalized Kudryashov method (GKM) is handled to find exact solutions of time-fractional Burgers equation, time-fractional Cahn-Hilliard equation, and time-fractional generalized third-order KdV equation. These time-fractional equations can be turned into another nonlinear ordinary differantial equation by travelling wave transformation. Then, GKM has been implemented to attain exact solutions of time-fractional Burgers equation, time-fractional Cahn-Hilliard equation, and time-fractional generalized third-order KdV equation. Also, some new hyperbolic function solutions have been obtained by using this method. It can be said that this method is a generalized form of the classical Kudryashov method.

1. Introduction

Partial differential equations are prevalently used as models to identify numerous physical occurrences and have a very crucial role in many sciences. Burgers equation, which is one type of partial differential equations, was first presented by Burgers in 1948 as a model for turbulent phenomena of viscous fluids [1]. The Burgers equation defines the far field of wave propagation in nonlinear dissipative systems. It is well known that this equation is linearizable to the heat equation by using the Cole-Hopf transform. This equation has been considered in a number of fields of implementation such as traffic flows and formation of large clusters in the universe.

The Cahn-Hilliard equation, which is one type of partial differential equations, was first introduced in 1958 as a model for process of phase seperation of a binary alloy under the critical temperature [2]. This equation has also arisen as the modelling equation in numerous other contexts with very disparate length scales. For example, models have been improved in which the Cahn-Hilliard equation is used to represent the evolution of two components of intergalactic material or in ecology in the modeling of the dynamics of two populations or in biomathematics in modeling the dynamics of the biomass and the solvent components of a bacterial film [3].

Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation, which is one type of partial differential equations, has been utilized to define a wide range of physical phenomena as a model for the evolution and interaction of nonlinear waves. It was derived as an evolution equation that conducting one-dimensional, small amplitude, long surface gravity waves propagating in a shallow channel of water [4]. Subsequently, the KdV equation has occurred in a lot of other physical sciences such as collision-free hydromagnetic waves, stratified internal waves, ion-acoustic waves, plasma physics, and lattice dynamics. Some theoretical physical occurrences in the quantum mechanics domain are expressed by means of a KdV model. It is utilized in fluid dynamics, aerodynamics, and continuum mechanics as a model for shock wave formation, solitons, turbulence, boundary layer behaviour, and mass transport [5].

The enquiry of exact solutions to nonlinear fractional differential equations has a very crucial role in several sciences such as physics, viscoelasticity, signal processing, probability and statistics, finance, optical fibers, mechanical engineering, hydrodynamics, chemistry, solid state physics, biology, system identification, fluid mechanics, electric control theory, thermodynamics, heat transfer, and fractional dynamics [68]. In recent years, most authors have improved a lot of methods to find solutions of fractional differential equations such as local fractional variational iteration method [9, 10], cantor-type cylindrical-coordinate method [11], fractional complex transform method [12], and homotopy decomposition method [13]. Also, exact solutions of fractional differential equations have been considered by using many methods such as the extended trial equation method [14, 15], the modified trial equation method [16, 17], a multiple extended trial equation method [18], and the modified Kudryashov method [1921].

Our goal in this work is to introduce the exact solutions of time-fractional Burgers equation [16, 22], time-fractional Cahn-Hilliard equation [2325], and time-fractional generalized third-order KdV equation [14, 22, 2629]. In Section 2, we give the description of proposed method. In Section 3, as illustrations, we gain exact solutions of time-fractional Burgers equation [16, 22]: time-fractional Cahn-Hilliard equation [24]: and time-fractional generalized third-order KdV equation [14, 22]: where is a parameter describing the order of the fractional derivative.

2. The Generalized Kudryashov Method

Recently, some authors have investigated Kudryashov method [3032]. But, in this work, we try to constitute generalized form of Kudryashov method.

We consider the following nonlinear partial differential equation with fractional order for a function of two real variables, space and time :

The basic phases of the generalized Kudryashov method are explained as follows.

Step 1. First of all, we must get the travelling wave solution of (4) in the following form: where and are arbitrary constants. Equation (4) was converted into a nonlinear ordinary differential equation of the form where the prime indicates differentiation with respect to .

Step 2. Suggest that the exact solutions of (6) can be written in the following form: where is . We note that the function is solution of equation [30]: Taking into consideration (7), we obtain

Step 3. Under the terms of proposed method, we suppose that the solution of (6) can be explained in the following form: To calculate the values and in (12) that is the pole order for the general solution of (6), we progress conformably as in the classical Kudryashov method on balancing the highest-order nonlinear terms in (6) and we can determine a formula of   and . We can receive some values of and .

Step 4. Replacing (7) into (6) provides a polynomial of . Establishing the coefficients of to zero, we acquire a system of algebraic equations. Solving this system, we can describe and the variable coefficients of . In this way, we attain the exact solutions to (6).

3. Applications to the Time-Fractional Equations

In this chapter, we search the exact solutions of time-fractional Burgers equation, time-fractional Cahn-Hilliard equation, and time-fractional generalized third-order KdV by using the generalized Kudryashov method.

Example 1. We take the travelling wave solutions of (1) and we use the transformation and , where and are constants. Then, integrating this equation with respect to and putting the integration constant to zero, we acquire When we take into consideration the transformation we obtain the following formula: Setting (7) and (9) into (15) and balancing the highest-order nonlinear terms of and in (15), then the following relation is attained: If we choose and , then
The exact solutions of (1) are obtained as follows.

Case 1. Consider When we substitute (19) into (17), we get the following solution of (1): Using several simple transformations to this solution, we procure new exact solutions to (1): where , , , and .

Case 2. Consider When we set (23) into (17), we attain the following solution of (1): Performing several simple transformations to this solution, we obtain new exact solutions to (1): where and .

Case 3. Consider When we set (27) into (17), we obtain the following solution of (1): Performing several simple transformations to this solution, we find new exact solutions to (1): where and .

Case 4. Consider When we embed (31) into (17), we get the following solution of (1): Implementing several simple transformations to this solution, we gain kink solutions to (1): where .

Case 5. Consider When we replace (35) into (17), we reach the following solution of (1): Applying several simple transformations to this solution, we attain new exact solutions to (1): where .

Case 6. Consider When we put (39) into (17), we have the following solution of (1): Fulfilling several simple transformations to this solution, we acquire kink solutions to (1): where .

Remark 2. The exact solutions of (1) were found by using generalized Kudryashov method and have been checked by means of Mathematica Release 9. Comparing our results with results in [16, 22], then we can say that exact solutions of (1) that we obtained in this paper were firstly presented to the literature. Also, the advantage of our method compared to other methods in [16, 22] is to give more exact solutions.

Example 3. We take the travelling wave solutions of (2) and we implement the transformation and , where and are constants. Then, integrating this equation with respect to and embedding the integration constant to zero, we obtain Putting (7), (9), and (11) into (43) and balancing the highest-order nonlinear terms of and in (43), then the following formula is procured: In an attempt to obtain exact solutions of (2), if we take and put (45) into (17), we obtain the following solution of (2): Fulfilling several simple transformations to this solution, we get new exact solutions to (2): where , , and .

Remark 4. The solutions given by (47) and (48) of (2) were attained by using the generalized Kudryashov method and have been controlled by means of Mathematica Release 9. If we compare our results with results in [24], then it is clear that the exact solutions of (2) that we obtained in this paper were firstly introduced to the literature.

Example 5. We get the travelling wave solutions of (3) and we apply the transformation and , where and are constants. Then, integrating this equation with respect to and setting the integration constant to zero, we attain When we take into consideration the transformation we find the following formula: Setting (7) and (10) into (51) and balancing the highest-order nonlinear terms of and in (51), then the following relation is attained: If we take and , then In an attempt to find the exact solution of (3), if we choose and embed (55) into (53), we obtain the following solution of (3): Performing several simple transformations to this solution, we get kink solutions to (3): where and .

Remark 6. The solutions given by (57) and (58) of (3) were gained by using the generalized Kudryashov method and have been checked by means of Mathematica Release 9. Comparing our results with results in [14, 22], it can be seen that the exact solutions of (3) that we obtained in this paper were firstly submitted to the literature.

We plot solution (21) of (1) in Figures 1-2, solution (25) of (1) in Figures 3-4, solution (29) of (1) in Figures 5-6, solution (33) of (1) in Figures 7-8, solution (37) of (1) in Figures 9-10, solution (41) of (1) in Figures 11-12, which show the dynamics of solutions with suitable parametric choices. Then we plot solution (47) of (2) in Figures 13-14, which show the dynamics of solutions with suitable parametric choices. Finally we plot solution (57) of (3) in Figures 15-16, which show the dynamics of solutions with suitable parametric choices.

4. Conclusion

The Kudryashov method provides us with the evidential manner to constitute solitary wave solutions for a large category of nonlinear partial differential equations. Previously, many authors have tackled Kudryashov method. But, in this paper, we construct generalized form of Kudryashov method. This type of method will be newly considered in the literature to generate exact solutions of nonlinear fractional differential equations.

According to this information, we can conclude that GKM has an important role to find analytical solutions of nonlinear fractional differential equations. Also, we emphasize that this method is substantially influential and reliable in terms of finding new hyperbolic function solutions. We think that this method can also be implemented in other nonlinear fractional differential equations.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.