Utility Potential of Parthenium hysterophorus for Its Strategic Management

Table 1

Phytochemical constituents of Parthenium  hysterophorus plant.

Chemical class	Major constituents	Plant part	Associated biological activities	References
Phenolics	Caffeic acid, vanillic acid, ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid, anisic acid, p-coumaric acid, protocatechuic acid, and p-hydroxy benzoic acid	Leaves, stems, roots, flowers, pollens, and trichomes.	Allelopathic phytotoxicity useful as herbicide, growth regulation in micro- and macroflora, and autotoxic effect	[29, 122–124]
Flavonoids	Apigenin, luteolin, lignan, syringaresinol, quercetagetin dimethyl ether, 6-hydroxykaempferol 3,6-dimethyl ether, 6-hydroxykaempferol-3,6,4′-trimethyl ether (tanetin), kaempferol glucoside, quercetin glucoside, kaempferol glucoarabinoside, chrysoeriol, santin, saponins, jaceidin, centaureidin, and so forth	Leaves, stems, flowers and their calli, and pollens	Antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory activities; antiulcerative, antispasmodic, diuretic, antihypertensive effects; platelet aggregation inhibition; inhibition of aldose reductase; cell cycle regulation; nodulation induction in peaR.  leguminosarum association; plant defence against herbivores, pathogens, and harmful UV rays	[29, 122–125]
Pseudoguaianolides	Parthenin, anhydroparthenin, 11-H,13-hydroxyparthenin, dihydroxyparthenin, dihydroisoparthenin, 13-methoxydihydroparthenin, 2β,13α-dimethoxydihydroparthenin, ambrosin, 13-methoxydihydroambrosin, coronopilin, 2β and 8β-hydroxycoronopilin, damsin, hymanin, scopoletin, hysterin, hysterones A to E, 8β-acetoxyhysterone C, tetraneurin-A and tetraneurin-E, deacetyltetraneurin A, charminarone, conchasin A artecanin, balchanin, costunolide, 3-β-hydroxycostunolide, epoxyartemorin, 8-α-hydroxyestafiatin, 1-β-hydroxyarbusculin, 5-β-hydroxyreynosin, and acetylated pseudoguaianolides	Stems, leaves, capitula/flowers and their calli, and trichomes	Cytotoxic, anticancer, antimicrobial, bioherbicidal, anti-inflammatory, antiprotozoan, pesticidal, insectidical, antimalarial activities; antineoplastic, antifeedant, larvicidal effects; allergies, diseases and milk tainting in livestock; inhibition of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation; autotoxic effect to regulate plant’s own germination and population	[29, 122, 123]
Oils	α-Pinene, α-thujene, α-phellandrene β-pinene, β-myrcene, β-terpene, β-ocimene, p-cymene, ρ-cymen-8-ol, camphor, camphene, caryophyllene, humulene, limonene, linalool, ocimene, sabinene, α-terpinene, γ-terpinene, α-terpineol, terpinene-4-ol, bornyl acetate, tricylene, chrysanthenone, pinocarvone, borneol, myrtenal, carvacrol, eugenol, trans-myrtenol acetate, isobornyl 2-methyl butanoate, caryophyllene oxide, germacrene, farnesene and their esters	Stems, leaves, roots, and flowers	Antimicrobial (against bacteria and fungi as well as viruses), pesticidal and insecticidal, antitussive, and helmethicidal activities, useful in medicinal and cosmetic industries and irritant, cardiotonic, antispasmodic and analgesic, stimulant, and sweat inducing effects	[29, 123–125]
Alkaloids	—	Roots and shoots	Antifungal, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities and analgesic action	[123–126]
Others	Histamine	Roots and shoots	—	[5, 122]
	Free amino acids (abundant glycine, proline, alanine, and lysine) glucose, galactose, and KCl	Whole plant	Useful in compost and green manure; increases nutritive value of animal feed	[5, 29, 122]