|
| Author | Year | Method of C. trachomatis testing | Specimen tested | Men testing positive for Chlamydia |
|
| Nagy et al. [10] | 1989 | Culture | Semen | 14.1% (26/184) |
|
| Bjercke and Purvis [14] | 1992 | ELISA for Chlamydia IgA | Semen | 24% (24/100) |
|
| Eggert-Kruse et al. [15] | 1992 | ELISA for Chlamydia IgG | Serum | 0 |
| Culture | Urethral swab | 0 |
|
| Samra et al. [16] | 1994 | Culture | Urethral swab | 9.6% (13/135) |
| ELISA for Chlamydia IgG | Serum | 4.4% (6/135) |
| ELISA for Chlamydia IgA | Serum | 1.5% (2/135) |
| ELISA for Chlamydia IgG | Semen | 0 |
| ELISA for Chlamydia IgA | Semen | 8.9% (12/135) |
|
| Munoz and Witkin [12] | 1995 | ELISA for Chlamydia IgG | Serum | 25% (12/48) |
| ELISA for Chlamydia IgA | Serum | 16.7% (8/48) |
| ELISA for Chlamydia IgG | Semen | 8.3% (4/48) |
| ELISA for Chlamydia IgA | Semen | 29.1% (14/48) |
|
| Dieterle et al. [17] | 1995 | PCR | Semen | 8% (4/50) |
| ELISA for Chlamydia IgG | Serum | 46% (23/50) |
| ELISA for Chlamydia IgA | Serum | 12% (6/50) |
| ELISA for Chlamydia IgG | Semen | 12% (6/50) |
| ELISA for Chlamydia IgA | Semen | 16% (8/50) |
|
| Eggert-Kruse et al. [18] | 1996 | Immunofluorescence testing | Semen | 0 |
| ELISA for Chlamydia IgG | Semen | 8.1% (16/197) |
| ELISA for Chlamydia IgA | Semen | 18.8% (37/197) |
| ELISA for Chlamydia IgG and IgA | Serum | 16.2% (32/197) |
|
| Cengiz et al. [19] | 1997 | Monoclonal antibodies to Chlamydia | Urethral swab | 12.6% (36/284) |
|
| Eggert-Kruse et al. [20] | 1997 | Indirect immunofluorescence assay | Serum | 12.6% (164/1303) |
| Tissue culture | Urethral swab | 0 |
| ELISA for Chlamydia IgG | Semen | 1.5% (50/1303) |
| ELISA for Chlamydia IgA | Semen | 3.5% (46/1303) |
|
| Bornman et al. [21] | 1998 | Tissue culture | Urethral swab | 18.3% (24/131) |
| EIA | Urethral swab | 25.2% (33/131) |
| DFA | Urethral swab | 26% (34/131) |
| EIA | First void urine | 25.2% (33/131) |
| EIA | Semen | 26.7% (35/131) |
|
| Levy et al. [22] | 1999 | ELISA for Chlamydia IgG | Serum | 22.8% (21/92) |
| ELISA for Chlamydia IgA | Serum | 8.6% (8/92) |
| PCR | Semen | 10.9% (10/92) |
|
| Ochsendorf et al. [23] | 1999 | ELISA for Chlamydia IgG and IgA | First void urine | 0.8% (1/125) |
| ELISA for Chlamydia IgG and IgA | Ejaculate | 0 |
| ELISA for Chlamydia IgG and IgA | Seminal plasma | 11.2% (14/125) |
| ELISA for Chlamydia IgG and IgA | Serum | 31.2% (39/125) |
| PCR | First void urine | 1.6% (2/125) |
| PCR | Ejaculate | 1.6% (2/125) |
|
| Habermann and Krause [24] | 1999 | ELISA for Chlamydia IgG and IgA | Semen | 90.3% (187/207) |
|
| Videau et al. [25] | 2001 | ELISA for Chlamydia IgA | Semen | 23% (23/102) |
|
| Mania-Pramanik et al. [26] | 2001 | Direct antigen detection | Urine | 33.3% (5/15) |
| Direct antigen detection | Semen | 13.3% (2/15) |
| Direct antigen detection | Serum | 0 |
| ELISA for Chlamydia IgG | Urine | 0 |
| | Semen | 0 |
| | Serum | 46.7% (7/15) |
|
| Bollmann et al. [27] | 2001 | ELISA for Chlamydia IgA | Semen | 38.1% (317/834) |
| ELISA for Chlamydia IgA | Serum | 19.1% (62/324) |
| ELISA for Chlamydia IgG | Semen | 15.9% (133/834) |
| ELISA for Chlamydia IgG | Serum | 67.9% (220/324) |
|
| Gdoura et al. [28] | 2001 | Direct fluorescence antibody | Semen | 1.1% (1/92) |
| | Urethral swab | 4.3% (4/92) |
| Cell culture | Urethral swab | 1.1% (1/92) |
| PCR | Semen | 16.3% (15/92) |
| PCR | Urethral swab | 18.5% (17/92) |
| ELISA for Chlamydia IgA | Semen | 21.7% (20/92) |
| ELISA for Chlamydia IgA | Urethral swab | 8.7% (8/92) |
|
| Vigil et al. [6] | 2002 | Direct immunofluorescence | Semen or urethral swab | 38.6% (110/284) |
|
| Eggert-Kruse et al. [29] | 2003 | LCR | Urine | 1.6% (11/707) |
| LCR | Semen | 0.7% (5/707) |
|
| Idahl et al. [30] | 2004 | Microimmunofluorescence for Chlamydia IgG | Serum | 20.1% (49/243) |
| PCR | Urine | 7.1% (5/70) |
|
| Hamdad-Daoudi et al. [31] | 2004 | PCR | Urine | 3.6% (4/111) |
| PCR | Prostatic massage | 0.9% (1/111) |
| PCR | Semen | 2.7% (3/111) |
| ELISA for Chlamydia IgG | Serum | 0.9% (1/111) |
| ELISA for Chlamydia IgA | Serum | 0 |
|
| Hosseinzadeh et al. [32] | 2004 | PCR | Semen | 4.9% (31/642) |
| LCR | Semen | 4.3% (28/642) |
|
| de Barbeyrac et al. [33] | 2006 | PCR | Semen | 0.3% (1/260) |
| PCR | Urine | 0.7% (2/260) |
| ELISA for Chlamydia IgG and IgA | Serum | 9.5% (22/231) |
| ELISA for Chlamydia IgG and IgA | Semen | 4.3% (10/231) |
|
| Gdoura et al. [34] | 2008 | PCR | Semen | 42.3% (44/104) |
| PCR | Urine | 39.4% (41/104) |
|
| Joki-Korpela et al. [35] | 2009 | EIA to Chlamydia IgG | Serum | 27.8% (25/90) |
| EIA to Chlamydia IgA | Serum | 22.2% (20/90) |
|
| Ouzounova-Raykova et al. [36] | 2009 | Culture | Urethral swab | 6.6% (4/60) |
| PCR | Urethral swab | 8.3% (5/60) |
|
| Kokab et al. [37] | 2010 | Strand displacement amplification | Urine | 3.5% (9/255) |
| Strand displacement amplification | Semen | 7.0% (18/255) |
| PCR | Urine | 2.4% (6/255) |
| PCR | Semen | 6.3% (16/255) |
|
| Eggert-Kruse et al. [38] | 2011 | ELISA for Chlamydia IgG | Semen | 22.5% (39/173) |
| ELISA for Chlamydia IgA | | 20.8% (36/173) |
| ELISA for Chlamydia IgM | | 5.8% (10/173) |
|
| Rybar et al. [39] | 2011 | Sperm chromatin structure assay | Semen | 13% (38/293) |
|
| Domes et al. [7] | 2012 | Strand displacement amplification assay | Semen or urine | 0.3% (17/5588) |
|
