Mitigation of Railway Traffic Induced Vibrations: The Influence of Barriers in Elastic Half-Space

Table 1

Properties of structural materials.

Mechanical characteristics	Rail (UIC60)	Sleeper (concrete)	Traditional ballast	HMA subballast	Protective layer	Embankment
Density 𝜌 (kg/m^3)	7850	2400	1250	2200	2000	1000
Modulus 𝐸 (MPa)	210000	30000	130	6000	160	80
Poisson’s Ratio ν	0.30	0.15	0.30	0.40	0.45	0.50