Review Article
Feasibility of Muscle Synergy Outcomes in Clinics, Robotics, and Sports: A Systematic Review
Table 8
Selected robotic studies using muscle synergies.
| Reference | Robot | Aim | Subjects | Tasks | Muscles (segment) | Outcomes |
| [52ā56] Artemiadis et al. 2006ā2012 | Arm | Investigate the use of low-dimensional EMG for teleoperation of robot | 3 healthy subjects | 3D-reaching task | 9 (upper limb) | (i) Feasible robot control with significant EMG data reduction (ii) Possible control in 3D space | [61] Ajoudani et al. 2013 | Hand | Propose innovative synergy-based controller | 2 healthy subjects | Grasping task | 2 (hand) | (i) Synergy-based control able to perform grasping (ii) Synergy-based control adaptable to grasp compliance | [62] Ison et al. 2015 | Arm | Propose an alternative approach for long-term myoelectric control | 8 healthy subjects | Reaching task | 2 (upper limb) | (i) Differences in muscle synergy organization do not influence task performance | [64] Cimolato et al. 2017 | Arm | Describe a muscle synergy-based control | 1 healthy subject | Reaching task | 16 (trunk and upper limb) | (i) Four synergies to control robot motion (ii) Performance improvement with synergy-based control | [65] Cunha et al. 2016 | Leg | Describe a muscle synergies based control | Simulation | Overground walking | 8 (lower limbs) | (i) Two synergies to control six joints (ii) Muscle synergies robust across strides and speeds | [66] Watanabe et al. 2016 | Leg | Propose innovative synergy-based controller | 5 healthy subjects | Pedalling | 16 (lower limbs) | (i) Three synergies to control musculoskeletal robot | [67] Lunardini et al. 2016 | Arm | Propose innovative synergy-based controller | 8 healthy subjects | Isometric contractions | 8 (lower limb) | (i) Repeatable control across days (ii) Robust synergy-based control for arm robot |
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