The Effects of Leg Length Discrepancy on Stability and Kinematics-Kinetics Deviations: A Systematic Review

Table 2

Participants’ characteristic.

Author	Condition/category	Number of participants	Gender		Anthropometric parameters (mean/SD)
			Male	Female
Ki et al. [5]	Healthy adults	17	NM	NM	Age (years): 25.76 ± 1.76
					Height (cm): 167.12 ± 7.39
					Mass (kg): 64.94 ± 10.57
Swaminathan et al. [14]	Healthy	20	11	9	Age (years): 19–60 ± 38.85
					Height (cm): 152–190 ± 172.76
					Mass (kg): 50.8–90.0 ± 71.14
Renkawitz et al. [12]	After THA	60	29	31	Age (years): 61.2 ± 7.2
					Height (cm): 167.12 ± 7.39
					BMI (kg/m^2): 26.5 ± 3.8
Resende et al. [3]	Healthy	19	10	9	Age (years): 25 ± 6.0
					Height (cm): 174 ± 7.2
					Mass (kg): 72.3 ± 11.5
Walsh et al. [4]	Healthy	7	NM	NM	NM
Mahar et al. [6]	Healthy	14	8	6	Age (years): 28.3 ± 1.0
					Height (cm): 168.7 ± 8.6
					Mass (kg): 63.4 ± 10
Resende et al. [18]	Knee OA	15	6	9	Age (years): 67 ± 8.8
					Height (cm): 169 ± 0.07
					Mass (kg): 88.9 ± 20.1
Murrell et al. [19]	Healthy (control group)	11	3	8	NM
	LLD (experiment group)	9	4	5	NM
Seeley et al. [17]	LLD (<1 cm)	19	11	8	Age (years): 30 ± 6.0
					Height (cm): 174 ± 0
					Mass (kg): 73.9 ± 5.7
	LLD (≥1 cm)	7	5	2	Age (years): 28 ± 8.0
					Height (cm): 176 ± 7.0
					Mass (kg): 74.6 ± 16.2
Roerdink et al. [7]	Healthy	15	15	NM	Age (years): 22 ± 1.0
					Height (cm): 178 ± 5.0
					Mass (kg): 77 ± 5.0
Wünnemann et al. [8]	Healthy	15			Age (years): 26.1 ± 9.0
					Height (cm): 180.3 ± 6.6
					Mass (kg): 75.7 ± 7.9
			11		Age (years): 26.5 ± 10.6
					Height (cm): 183 ± 5.4
					Mass (kg): 79.4 ± 5.2
				4	Age (years): 24.8 ± 1.7
					Height (cm): 173 ± 2.9
					Mass (kg): 65.5 ± 2.9
Stief et al. [16]	Healthy	15	11	4	Age (years): 7.0 ± 2.6
	LCPD children	12	10	2
Maeda et al. [9]	Healthy	30	15	15	Age (years): 19–33 ± 25.6
Aiona et al. [20]	LLD children (≥2 cm)	45	21	24	Age (years): 5.7–20.6 ± 3.5
	LCPD	4
	Hip dysplasia	9
	Growth plate damage	6
	Congenital short femur	5
	Congenital short tibia	7
	Others	9
Faraj et al. [10]	Healthy	1	2	NM	Age (years): 22
					Height (cm): 179
					Mass (kg): 68
	LLD (2 cm)	1			Age (years): 44
					Height (cm): 174
					Mass (kg): 65
Zhang et al. [11]	Healthy	11			Age (years): 27.4 ± 7.8
					Height (cm): 176 ± 8
					Mass (kg): 72.0 ± 13.4
			6		Age (years): 29.7 ± 9.9
					Height (cm): 182 ± 5.0
					Mass (kg): 80.9 ± 9.3
				5	Age (years): 24.6 ± 3.4
					Height (cm): 169 ± 3.0
					Mass (kg): 61.3 ± 9.0
Ali et al. [2]	Healthy (experimental group)	5	NM	NM	NM
	Patients with flexible flat feet (clinical group)	3
Krawiec et al. [21]	Healthy	44	24		Age (years): 19.7 ± 1.2
					Height (cm): 185.1 ± 7.3
					Mass (kg): 81.4 ± 9.9
				20	Age (years): 19.4 ± 12
					Height (cm): 168.6 ± 6.9
					Mass (kg): 64.2 ± 6.2
O’Toole et al. [13]	Healthy	15	7	8	Age (years): 17–37 ± 26.5
					Height (cm): 154–193 ± 167
					Mass (kg): 55–90 ± 66.5
Lopes et al. [22]	Acromegaly	28	17	11	Age (years): 48.6 ± 12.5
					Height (cm): 165 ± 0.11
					Mass (kg): 79.2 ± 15.0
					BMI (kg/m^2): 28.8 ± 3.37
Schneider et al. [23]	LBP	45	NM	NM	Age (years): 18–65 ± 41.5
D’Amico et al. [24]	LBP	94	NM	NM	Age (years): 46.3 ± 16

NM: not mentioned; THA: total hip arthroplasty; LLD: leg length discrepancy; LBP: lower back pain; LCPD: Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease; SD: standard deviation; OA: osteoarthritis