|
| Author | Category | Plane | LL difference | Parameters | LLD | Control | value |
| Kinematics | Kinetics |
|
| Swaminathan et al. [14] | Lowered leg | — | 3.5 cm | | WD | — | — | |
| Raised leg (control) | | | | | | | |
| Zhang et al. [11] | Gait walker (LLD), shoe (control) | Coronal | 4.6 cm | Ankle eversion (°) | | −2.8 ± 4.6 | −4.5 ± 2.3 | |
| | | Ankle ROM (°) | | 1.8 ± 4.9 | 8.7 ± 3.3 | |
| | | Hip adduction (°) | | 5.1 ± 3.6 | 5.8 ± 2.8 | |
| | | Hip ROM (°) | | 6.1 ± 2.0 | 8.3 ± 2.4 | |
| | | Knee adduction (°) | | 3.9 ± 2.2 | 4.6 ± 2.9 | |
| | | Knee ROM (°) | | 2.4 ± 2.5 | 3.3 ± 1.8 | |
| Sagittal | | Ankle dorsiflexion (°) | | 11.1 ± 4.3 | 11.9 ± 3.4 | |
| | | Ankle ROM (°) | | 7.3 ± 4.3 | 5.7 ± 4.6 | |
| | | Hip extension (°) | | 2.4 ± 9.5 | 0.6 ± 10.9 | |
| | | Hip ROM (°) | | 37.2 ± 4.4 | 37.1 ± 5.4 | |
| | | Knee flexion (°) | | 22.7 ± 4.9 | 15.5 ± 8.7 | |
| | | Knee ROM (°) | | 9.5 ± 4.7 | 8.5 ± 5.4 | |
| Resende et al. [3] | Short leg (control) | Coronal | 1.45 cm | Hip adduction (°) | | −6.89 ± 17.8 | −1.82 ± 18.8 | |
| | | | Pelvic obliquity decrease (°) | | 7.13 ± 11.2 | 0.23 ± 12.5 | |
| | | | Ankle inversion moment (Nm·kg−1) | −0.09 ± 0.8 | 0.008 ± 0.8 | |
| | | Rearfoot inversion (°) | | 7.79 ± 21.0 | 1.65 ± 21.1 | |
| | | Rearfoot dorsiflexion (°) | | | | |
| Sagittal | | Knee flexion (°) | | 16.2 ± 18.9 | −5.4 ± 16.9 | |
| | | Hip flexion (°) | | −10.08 ± 52.7 | −2.44 ± 48.1 | |
| | | | Ankle dorsiflexion moment (Nm·kg−1) | −18.03 ± 34.9 | 2.79 ± 35.2 | |
| | | Knee flexion moment (Nm·kg−1) | 1.01 ± 0.9 | −0.25 ± 1.0 | |
| Hip flexion moment (Nm·kg−1) | 0.46 ± 1.56 | 0.05 ± 1.5 | |
| Long leg (control) | Coronal | 1.45 cm | Rearfoot inversion (°) | | 0.36 ± 0.93 | −0.22 ± 0.9 | |
| Hip adduction (°) | | −9.44 ± 20.0 | 1.65 ± 21.1 | |
| | Knee adduction | 8.71 ± 23.3 | −1.82 ± 18.8 | |
| Sagittal | | Rearfoot dorsiflexion (°) | moment (Nm·kg−1) | −0.13 ± 0.7 | 0.03 ± 0.8 | |
| Knee flexion (°) | | −10.8 ± 19.3 | −5.4 ± 16.9 | |
| Hip flexion (°) | | 12.52 ± 53.9 | −2.44 ± 48.1 | |
| Pelvic obliquity down (°) | | 15.24 ± 33.9 | 2.79 ± 35.2 | |
| Ankle dorsiflexion moment (Nm·kg−1) | −7.36 ± 14.7 | 0.23 ± 12.5 | |
| −0.77 ± 0.8 | −0.25 ± 1.0 | |
| Ankle flexion moment (Nm·kg−1) | −0.5 ± 1.54 | 0.05 ± 1.5 | |
| Walsh et al. [4] | LLDs, short leg | Coronal | 0 cm | Pelvic obliquity (°) | | | | |
| Sagittal, | 1 cm | | | — | 0.3 ± 2.2 | — |
| Lateral | 2 cm | | | 2 cm | — | — |
| 2.5 cm | | | 2.5 ± 1.4 | — | — |
| 3 cm | | | 3.4 ± 1.6 | — | — |
| 5 cm | | | 2.7 ± 1.7 | — | — |
| 0 cm | Hip flexion (°) | | 2.7 ± 1.7 | — | — |
| 1 cm | | | — | 32.2 ± 3.6 | — |
| 2 cm | | | 33.5 ± 3.2 | — | — |
| 2.5 cm | | | 35.0 ± 3.0 | — | — |
| 3 cm | | | 35.1 ± 3.1 | — | — |
| 5 cm | | | 36.0 ± 3.8 | — | — |
| 0 cm | Knee flexion (°) | | 39.7 ± 4.5 | — | — |
| 1 cm | | | — | 13.6 ± 5.4 | — |
| 2 cm | | | 16.9 ± 4.5 | — | — |
| 2.5 cm | | | 15.4 ± 3.6 | — | — |
| 3 cm | | | 14.5 ± 5.6 | — | — |
| 5 cm | 15.9 ± 2.7 | — | — |
| 0 cm | Ankle flexion (°) | 20.8 ± 4.5 | — | — |
| 1 cm | | | — | 53.3 ± 3.0 | — |
| 2 cm | | | 9.6 ± 3.0 | — | — |
| 2.5 cm | | | 11.2 ± 2.2 | — | — |
| 3 cm | | | 14.6 ± 3.6 | — | — |
| 5 cm | | | 15.1 ± 5.2 | — | — |
| LLDs, short leg | Coronal | 0 cm | Knee flexion (°) | | 14.7 ± 5.0 | — | — |
| Sagittal | 1 cm | | | — | 49.8 ± 11.3 | — |
| Lateral | 2 cm | | | 48.2 ± 8.7 | — | — |
| 2.5 cm | | | 48.0 ± 7.1 | — | — |
| 3 cm | | | 48.3 ± 7.4 | — | — |
| 5 cm | | | 48.4 ± 7.0 | — | — |
| 0 cm | Ankle flexion (°) | | 43.7 ± 7.0 | — | — |
| 1 cm | | | — | −17.8 ± 6.9 | — |
| 2 cm | | | −21.5 ± 5.0 | — | — |
| 2.5 cm | | | −21.9 ± 5.8 | — | — |
| 3 cm | | | −21.3 ± 6.3 | — | — |
| 5 cm | | | −21.6 ± 4.9 | — | — |
| | | | −24.3 ± 9.7 | — | — |
| Resende et al. [18] | LLD, short leg | Sagittal | 1.45 cm | Rearfoot plantar flexion (°) | | — | — | |
| Knee flexion (°) | | — | — | |
| Hip abduction (°) | | — | — | |
| Pelvic external-internal rotation (°) | | — | — | |
| Trunk external-internal rotation (°) | | — | — | |
| Ankle dorsiflexion moment (Nm·kg−1) | — | — | |
| Knee flexion moment (Nm·kg−1) | — | — | |
| Knee abduction moment (Nm·kg−1) | — | — | |
| Hip flexion moment (Nm·kg−1) | — | — | |
| Hip abduction moment (Nm·kg−1) | — | — | |
| Seeley et al. [17] | LLDs, long leg | Sagittal | <1 cm | | | | | |
| LLDs, short leg | | | Hip (°) | | 0.99 ± 0.01 | — | |
| Knee (°) | | 0.99 ± 0.01 | — | |
| Ankle (°) | | 0.97 ± 0.02 | — | |
| Hip moment (Nm·kg−1) | 0.94 ± 0.06 | — | |
| Knee moment (Nm·kg−1) | 0.85 ± 0.11 | — | |
| Ankle moment (Nm·kg−1) | 0.98 ± 0.02 | — | |
| Hip power (W·kg−1) | 0.81 ± 0.14 | — | |
| Knee power (W·kg−1) | 0.85 ± 0.07 | — | |
| Ankle power (W·kg−1) | 0.94 ± 0.04 | — | |
| ≥1 cm | Hip (°) | | 0.98 ± 0.04 | — | |
| Knee (°) | | 0.96 ± 0.08 | — | |
| Ankle (°) | | 0.87 ± 0.22 | — | |
| Hip moment (Nm·kg−1) | 0.66 ± 0.37 | — | |
| Knee moment (Nm·kg−1) | 0.96 ± 0.08 | — | |
| Ankle moment (Nm·kg−1) | 0.86 ± 0.15 | — | |
| Hip power (W·kg−1) | 0.41 ± 0.52 | — | |
| Knee power (W·kg−1) | 0.50 ± 0.38 | — | |
| Ankle power (W·kg−1) | 0.69 ± 0.31 | — | |
| Wünnemann et al. [8] | Left leg, right leg (control) | Coronal | — | | | 3.06 | 8.79 | |
| Hip adduction (°) | | −11.66 | −5.22 | |
| Hip abduction (°) | | 32.17 | 35.92 | |
| Hip flexion (°) | | −15.24 | −10.14 | |
| Hip extension (°) | | 0.84 | 0.94 | |
| Trunk forward tilt(°) | | 3.09 | 7.24 | |
| Pelvis lateral tilt (°) | | | | |
| Sagittal | | Knee flexion (°) | | 0.55 | 0.65 | |
| Foot dorsiflexion (°) | | 1.24 | 1.11 | |
| Foot plantar flexion (°) | | 3.12 | 5.58 | |
| Step length (cm) | | 2.75 | 7.76 | |
| Single support time (s) | | −14.88 | −0.47 | |
| Hip extension moment (Nm·kg−1) | 71.11 | 77.34 | |
| VGRF (N) | 37.37 | 38.27 | |
| Knee flexion moment (Nm·kg−1) | −0.31 | −0.05 | |
| Knee abduction moment (Nm·kg−1) | 0.64 | 0.47 | |
| Ankle plantar flexion moment (Nm·kg−1) | 1.62 | 1.01 | |
| Park et al. [5] | Left leg, right leg (control) | — | 0 cm | Step length (cm) | | 64.00 ± 6.15 | 63.29 ± 6.36 | |
| 1 cm | 64.71 ± 6.65 | 61.82 ± 6.26 | |
| 2 cm | | | 65.71 ± 7.35 | 62.35 ± 6.74 | |
| 3 cm | | | 66.35 ± 8.76 | 62.41 ± 7.38 | |
| 0 cm | Step time (s) | | 0.63 ± 0.055 | 0.62 ± 0.06 | |
| 1 cm | | | 0.62 ± 0.064 | 0.63 ± 0.06 | |
| 2 cm | | | 0.61 ± 0.048 | 0.65 ± 0.06 | |
| 3 cm | | | 0.61 ± 0.046 | 0.66 ± 0.06 | |
| 0 cm | Stride length (cm) | | 127.47 ± 12.6 | — | |
| 1 cm | | | 126.59 ± 12.8 | — | |
| 2 cm | | | 128.18 ± 14.1 | — | |
| 3 cm | | | 129.00 ± 15.9 | — | |
| 0 cm | Stride time (s) | | 1.25 ± 0.11 | — | |
| 1 cm | | | 1.25 ± 0.13 | — | |
| 2 cm | | | 1.26 ± 0.10 | — | |
| 3 cm | | | 1.26 ± 0.10 | — | |
| 0 cm | Single leg support (%) | | 34.13 ± 1.51 | 34.68 ± 1.04 | |
| 1 cm | | | 34.49 ± 1.51 | 34.21 ± 1.11 | |
| 2 cm | | | 35.41 ± 1.60 | 33.92 ± 1.11 | |
| 3 cm | | | 35.78 ± 1.75 | 33.39 ± 1.27 | |
| 0 cm | Double leg support (%) | | 31.21 ± 2.22 | — | |
| 1 cm | | | 31.30 ± 2.07 | — | |
| 2 cm | | | 30.67 ± 2.13 | — | |
| 3 cm | | | 30.84 ± 2.26 | — | |
| Stief et al. [16] | LCPDs, short leg (control) | Coronal | 1.10 ± 0.53 | | Max. adduction knee moment (Nm·kg−1) | 0.14 ± 0.11 | 0.26 ± 0.08 | |
| | Max. adduction hip moment (Nm·kg−1) | 0.42 ± 0.04 | 0.58 ± 0.11 | |
| Sagittal | | Max. knee flexion (°) | | 19.5 ± 9.0 | 22.8 ± 6.1 | |
| Max. knee extension (°) | | 10.9 ± 5.8 | 5.9 ± 3.3 | |
| Knee ROM (°) | | 11.8 ± 4.1 | 17.3 ± 6.0 | |
| Max. hip flexion (°) | | 29.9 ± 7.6 | 35.7 ± 5.3 | |
| Max. hip extension (°) | | −3.0 ± 9.6 | −10.3 ± 4.9 | |
| Hip ROM (°) | | 33.2 ± 9.8 | 46.7 ± 6.0 | |
| Max. pelvis obliquity (°) | | 3.7 ± 3.3 | 4.4 ± 2.9 | |
| Pelvis obliquity ROM (°) | | 7.7 ± 2.7 | 9.9 ± 3.8 | |
| Maeda et al. [9] | Right leg | Coronal | 0.1 cm | | WD (%) | — | — | |
| Left leg (control) | Sagittal | ≥0.6 cm | | WD (%) | — | — | |
| Left leg | Coronal | 0.1 cm | | WD (%) | — | — | |
| Right leg (control) | Sagittal | ≥0.4 cm | | WD (%) | — | — | |
| Faraj et al. [10] | LLD, right leg, short left leg (control) | Coronal | ±2.25 cm | Mean peak plantar pressure (kpa) | | 400 | 300 | |
| | | | — |
| Stance contact duration (msec) | | 750 | 500 | |
| | 45 | 35 | — |
| Contact area (cm2) | | | | — |
| Ali et al. [2] | LLD, right leg | Sagittal | 1 cm | Max. foot pronation | | — | — | |
| Short left leg (control) | | | Max. foot supination | | — | — | |
| Lopes et al. [22] | LLD, short leg (control) | Coronal | — | HHA (°) | | 1.02 ± 3.86 | 0.68 ± 3.57 | |
| AHA (°) | | −0.07 ± 2.70 | 0.31 ± 1.67 | |
| ASISHA (°) | | 0.07 ± 2.70 | −0.23 ± 2.01 | |
| AcASHA (°) | | 0.14 ± 3.35 | −0.52 ± 2.67 | |
| RLFA (°) | | −2.98 ± 5.65 | −2.59 ± 4.76 | |
| LLFA (°) | | −2.70 ± 4.01 | −3.19 ± 5.12 | |
| DBLL (°) | | −0.74 ± 5.66 | 1.38 ± 5.09 | |
| TTHA (°) | | 0.75 ± 2.27 | 1.31 ± 1.71 | |
| RHA (°) | | 17.3 ± 13.1 | 23 ± 15.9 | |
| LHA (°) | | 19.8 ± 16 | 20.4 ± 12.4 | |
| ST3Has (cm) | | 0.08 ± 24.8 | 1.12 ± 24.8 | |
| RLHA (°) | | 2.30 ± 8.97 | 6.58 ± 8.21 | |
| LLHA (°) | | 5.60 ± 8.79 | 5.98 ± 8.80 | |
| Sagittal | — | HHA (R) (°) | | 39.6 ± 7.81 | 40.7 ± 8.50 | — |
| HVA (R) (°) | | 23.5 ± 11.5 | 20.8 ± 12.7 | — |
| TVA (R) (°) | | −5.88 ± 3.50 | −2.85 ± 3.22 | — |
| HA (R) (°) | | −12.7 ± 7.55 | −6.63 ± 5.53 | — |
| BVA (R) (°) | | 1.25 ± 1.50 | 1.37 ± 1.39 | — |
| PHA (R) (°) | | −12.7 ± 6.96 | −18.1 ± 9.57 | — |
| KA (R) (°) | | −1.62 ± 7.35 | 1.18 ± 6.23 | — |
| AA (R) (°) | | 84.8 ± 3.90 | 85.1 ± 3.40 | — |
| HHA (L) (°) | | 39.1 ± 7.91 | 41.6 ± 9.20 | — |
| HVA (L) (°) | | 24 ± 10.2 | 19.5 ± 12.3 | — |
| TVA (L) (°) | | −5.31 ± 3.40 | −3.23 ± 3.17 | — |
| AHA (°) | | −0.07 ± 2.70 | 0.31 ± 1.67 | |
| HA (L) (°) | | −12.5 ± 6.88 | −8.31 ± 5.41 | — |
| BVA (L) (°) | | 1.36 ± 1.71 | 1.71 ± 1.24 | — |
| PHA (L) (°) | | −12.3 ± 9.02 | −20.2 ± 6.20 | — |
| KA (L) (°) | | −2.71 ± 6.85 | −0.68 ± 5.19 | — |
| AA (L) (°) | 85.5 ± 3.98 | 85.4 ± 3.23 | — |
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