A Review of Pediatric Lower Extremity Data for Pedestrian Numerical Modeling: Injury Epidemiology, Anatomy, Anthropometry, Structural, and Mechanical Properties

<table class="table-group" id="tab9"><tr><td><table class="table"><tr><td class="thead-hr" colspan="5"><hr/></td></tr><tr class="thead"><td class="align_left">Region</td><td class="align_center">Toe tangent modulus (MPa)</td><td class="align_center">Tangent modulus at 75% of ultimate strain (MPa)</td><td class="align_center">Ultimate stress (MPa)</td><td class="align_center">Ultimate strain</td></tr><tr><td class="thead-hr" colspan="5"><hr/></td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">Anterior</td><td class="align_center">20.6 ± 14.7</td><td class="align_center">48.6 ± 25.1</td><td class="align_center">4.10 ± 0.97</td><td class="align_center">0.137 ± 0.05</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">Posterior/lateral</td><td class="align_center">16.9 ± 9.6</td><td class="align_center">37.9 ± 16.7</td><td class="align_center">3.05 ± 0.80</td><td class="align_center">0.123 ± 0.04</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">Posterior medial</td><td class="align_center">9.9 ± 6.2</td><td class="align_center">23.5 ± 14.9</td><td class="align_center">2.3 ± 0.68</td><td class="align_center">0.160 ± 0.06</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">Center</td><td class="align_center">18.6 ± 11.2</td><td class="align_center">27.0 ± 11.8</td><td class="align_center">2.16 ± 0.79</td><td class="align_center">0.117 ± 0.06</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">Growth plate average</td><td class="align_center">15.5 ± 3.2</td><td class="align_center">34.6 ± 17.7</td><td class="align_center">2.97 ± 0.80</td><td class="align_center">0.138 ± 0.06</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">Articular cartilage</td><td class="align_center">—</td><td class="align_center">84.0</td><td class="align_center">25.0</td><td class="align_center">&gt;0.4</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">Meniscus</td><td class="align_center">—</td><td class="align_center">200.0</td><td class="align_center">&gt;30.0</td><td class="align_center">&gt;0.1</td></tr><tr class="table-tr"><td colspan="5"><hr class="tbody-hr"/></td></tr></table></td></tr></table>

<div>Tensile material properties of the growth plate and comparison with the articular cartilage and meniscus (bovine specimens) [<a href="/journals/abb/2018/6271898/#B61" target="_blank">61</a>].</div>

Applied Bionics and Biomechanics

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Table 9

Table 9: A Review of Pediatric Lower Extremity Data for Pedestrian Numerical Modeling: Injury Epidemiology, Anatomy, Anthropometry, Structural, and Mechanical Properties 

Table 9 | A Review of Pediatric Lower Extremity Data for Pedestrian Numerical Modeling: Injury Epidemiology, Anatomy, Anthropometry, Structural, and Mechanical Properties 