Automated Techniques for the Interpretation of Fetal Abnormalities: A Review

Table 1

Overview of ultrasound image segmentation techniques. A listing of popular feature extraction and classification methods for fetal US.

Author	Year	Methodology used	Fetal parameter	References
Thomas et al.	1991	Thresholding-based morphological operator	FL	[42]
Smith and Arabshahi	1996	Fuzzy decision system	HC, AC, FL	[38]
Chalana et al.	1996	Active contour model	BPD, HC	[47–49]
Gurgen et al.	1996	Neural Network	HC/AC ratio and IUGR fetus	[76]
Zayed et al.	2001	Wavelet transform	Biometric parameters	[51]
Jardim and Figuiredo	2003	Maximum likelihood criteria	Biometric parameters	[39]
Jardim and Figueiredo	2005	Deformable shape model	BPD, FL	[50]
Zoppi et al.	2005	Gradient vector field snake	NT parameters	[59]
Carneiro et al.	2008	Constrained probabilistic boosting tree	Biometric parameters	[9, 34, 35, 37]
Jinhua et al.	2008	Gradient vector field snake	AC	[53]
Shan and Madheswaran	2009	Class-separable sensitive approach	Biometric parameters	[40]
Nithya and Madheswaran	2009	Gradient vector field snake	AC and IUGR fetus	[54]
Shrimali et al.	2009	Thresholding-based morphological operator	FL	[43]
Nirmala and Palanisamy	2009	Edge detection algorithm	NT thickness	[64]
Rawat et al.	2011	Thresholding-based morphological operator	FL and fetal weight	[44]
Anjit et al.	2011	BPNN-based neural network	Nasal bone of fetus	[80]
Wang et al.	2012	Entropy and edge detection-based technique	FL	[92]
Ciurte et al.	2012	Graph-based approaches	HC, AC	[56, 57]
Sun	2012	Graph-based approaches	HC	[58]
Choong et al.	2012	Variational level set-based neural network	Fetal size	[83]
Rawat et al.	2013	Gradient vector field snake	G.Sac	[17]
Rueda et al.	2013	Difference of Gaussian revolved elliptical path, boundary fragment model, multilevel thresholding	HC, AC, FL	[13]
Yang et al.	2013	Neural network based approach	HC	[55]
Gadagkar and Shreedhara	2014	Variational level set-based neural network	Fetal size and HC, AC, and IUGR fetus	[82]