Feasibility of Neurorehabilitation Using a Hybrid Assistive Limb for Patients Who Underwent Spine Surgery

Table 3

Review of HAL treatment for spinal disease.

Author, year

Age (years), sex

Diagnosis

Time when starting HAL

Number of HAL sessions

10MWT; Speed (m/min)

10MWT; Cadence (steps/min)

BI

WISCI II

Pre

Post

Pre

Post

Pre

Post

Pre

Post

Our result

53.6 ± 16.1, M 6; F 3

Table 1

POD 14.2 (7–29 days)

2-3 times/week, 5.0 ± 2.6

64.1 ± 16.0

74.8 ± 10.8

102.7 ± 17.6

92.7 ± 10.9

83.3 ± 16.0

95.6 ± 5.8

19.7 ± 0.5

20.0 ± 0.0

Sakakima et al., 2013 [18]

60, F

T2–8 OPLL, T9–10 OLF

POD 49 (after bed rest) to 15 weeks

6 times/week, 48

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

0

8

Kubota et al., 2016 [19]

43, M

T8–11, L1–3 OPLL

POD 14–44

2-3 times/week, 10

Approximately 20

Approximately 50

Approximately 42

Approximately 85

60

85

13

16

Fujii et al., 2017 [20]

63, F

T3–7 OPLL

POD 44 (after bed rest) to POD 73

2-3 times/week, 10

15.9

31.8

43.8

77.9

N/A

N/A

8

16

Kubota et al., 2017 [21]

66, F

C5-6 OPLL

14 years after surgery

Once/2 weeks, 10

22.5

46.7

61.9

81.6

N/A

N/A

16

16

Shimizu et al., 2017 [41]

48, M

T12–L1 SDAVF

6 months after surgery

2 times/week, 10

Approximately 13

Approximately 29

Approximately 39

Approximately 62

N/A

N/A

7

12

Taketomi et al., 2018 [22]

70, M

T9–12, L2/3, L5 OLF, C3–7 OPLL

1 year after his third surgery

2 times/week, 10

49.8

58.2

109.8

120

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Puentes et al., 2018 [26]

59.6 ± 13.9, M 2; F 3; (acute group)

OPLL

POD 24.4 (15–32 days)

2 times/week, 10

Approximately 28

Approximately 54

N/A

N/A

Approximately 63

Approximately 83

N/A

N/A

70.1 ± 6.9, M 7 (chronic group)

POD 1151.4 (287–3655 days)

Approximately 48

Approximately 56

N/A

N/A

Approximately 100

Approximately 100

N/A

N/A

Aach et al., 2014 [9]

48 ± 9.4, M 6; F 2

T8–L2 SCI

8.1 (1–19) years posttrauma—90 days

5 times/week, 51.75 ± 5.6

0.28 ± 0.28 (m/sec)

0.5 ± 0.34

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

10 ± 4.3

11.1 ± 3.7

Cruciger et al., 2016 [10]

52, M

L3 SCI

10 years posttrauma—12 weeks

5 times/week, mean 54.5

85.6 ± 56.9 (sec)

44.3 ± 34.6

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

40, F

L1 SCI

19 years posttrauma—12 weeks

Sczesny-Kaiser et al, 2015 [11]

46.9 ± 2.7, M 7; F 4

T8–L2 SCI

8.8 (0.7–17) years postinjury—12 weeks

5 times/week, 60

0.25 ± 0.05 (m/sec)

0.5 ± 0.07

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Watanabe et al., 2017 [12]

62, M

T12–L1 SCI

7 days post onset

3-4 times/week, 7-8

21.6

39.6

62

99.5

35

60

5

18

61, F

T8–10 SCI

14 days post onset

3-4 times/week,; 7-8

21.6

60.7

52

97.3

60

80

4

13

Grasmücke et al., 2017 [8]

44.3 ± 13.9, M 43; F 12

C2–L4 SCI

6.9 (1–22) years posttrauma—12 weeks

5 times/week, 60

70.45 ± 61.5 (sec)

35.22 ± 30.8

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

9.35 ± 5.12

11.04 ± 4.52

Jansen et al., 2017 [13]

48 ± 9.4, M 6; F 2

T8–L2 SCI

8.1 (1–19) years posttrauma—12 weeks

5 times/week, 51.75 ± 5.6

0.28 ± 0.10 (m/sec)

0.5 ± 0.12

41.85 ± 9.45

56.7 ± 9.9

N/A

N/A

10 ± 1.5

11.13 ± 1.3

Subgroup 1:

T8–L2 SCI

Plus 40 weeks (at 52 weeks)

3–5 times/week, 126.8 ± 7.9

28.61 ± 6.9 (sec)

21.22 ± 6.6

49.71 ± 8.8

72.16 ± 6.9

N/A

N/A

No patient improved or worsened

Subgroup 2:

T8–L2 SCI

Plus 40 weeks (at 52 weeks)

Once/week, 32.3 ± 3.3

34.28 ± 18.2 (sec)

34.61 ± 17.3

63.65 ± 18.7

62 ± 18.8

N/A

N/A

No patient improved or worsened

Jansen et al., 2018 [14]

44.8 ± 13.8, M 15; F 6

C4–L3 SCI

6.5 (1–19) years posttrauma—12 weeks

5 times/week, 60

61.17 ± 44.27 (sec)

32.18 ± 25.53

30.9 ± 8.71 (number of steps)

20.7 ± 5.51

N/A

N/A

10.7 ± 4.95

11.7 ± 4.5

M = male; F = female; 10MWT = 10-m walking test; BI = Barthel Index; WISCI II = the walking index for spinal cord injury; POD = postoperative day; Pre = before training; Post = after training; N/A = not available; OPLL = ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament; OLF = ossification of ligamentum flavum; SDAVF = spinal dural arteriovenous fistula; SCI = spinal cord injury. Estimated from the presented figure in the paper.