Knee Joint Biomechanics in Physiological Conditions and How Pathologies Can Affect It: A Systematic Review

Table 1

Overview over the experimental results of knee angle for normal walking.

Study	Subjects ( (m), (kg))	Speed (m/s)	A (°)	B (°)	C (°)	D (°)	C-A (°)	ROM (°)
Collins et al. [125]	9 (, )	1.25	12	3	61	-5	49	66
Zheng [21]	1 (1.78, 70)	1.2	22	10	66	6	44	60
Wang [126], Lee et al. [17]	1 (1.69, 63.5)	1.5	7	3	53	-2	46	55
Mooney and Herr [22]	6 (, )	1.4	28	5	78	4	50	74
Shamaei et al. [3, 127]	3 (, )	1.25	26	15	69	6	43	63
Blazkiewicz [128]	1 (1.85, 80)	—	10	-2	53	0	43	55
Sridar et al. [34]	3 (, )	1.0	22	11	62	2	40	60
Knaepen et al. [129]	10 (, )	0.69	14	8	62	8	48	54
Shirota et al. [130]	4 (, )	1.24	13	5	65	1	52	64
Gordon et al. [131]	3 (, )	1.0	6	0	55	16	49	55
Ding et al. [132]	8 (, )	1.25	24	7	75	0	51	75
Winter [133], Li et al. [134]	1 (—, 58)	1.3	16	5	67	-2	51	69
Beyl et al. [135]	—	—	22	8	64	1	42	63
Baliunas et al. [136]	15 (, )	0.98	17	3	60	-2	43	62
Yang et al. [137]	1 (1.75, 70)	1.0	14	3	56	6	42	53

A: first peak knee flexion angle; B: first peak knee extension angle; C: second peak knee flexion angle; D: second peak knee extension angle.