|
| Study | Analysis | Effects |
|
| Chao et al. [70] | Medical radiology | HKAA: ~178.8 deg for normal knee; <178 deg for MKOA patients |
|
| Paley [71] | Medical radiology | mLDFA: 85-90 deg for normal knee; >90 deg for MKOA patients
MPTA: 85-90 deg for normal knee; <85 deg for MKOA patients
JLCA: 0-2 deg for normal knee; >2 deg for MKOA patients
MAD: ~8 mm for normal knee; >8 mm for MKOA patients |
|
| Russell [50] | Medical radiology | HKAA: ~177.7 deg for normal knee; ~174.2 deg for MKOA patients
WBL ratio: ~41.4% for normal knee; ~24.2% for MKOA patients
Medial joint apace: ~4.5 mm for normal knee; ~2.8 mm for MKOA patients
Lateral joint apace: ~5.5 mm for normal knee; ~7.9 mm for MKOA patients |
| Kinematics | A lower knee flexion angle for MKOA patients |
| Kinetics | A higher knee adduction moment for MKOA patients |
| Muscles | A lower quadriceps strength for MKOA patients |
|
| Zhu et al. [72] | Kinematics | A longer gait time, a smaller stride length and ROM, a greater knee flexion angle at heel strike, and an unobvious fluctuation of knee flexion angle in stand phase of walking for MKOA patients |
|
| Alzahrani [73] | Kinematics | A slower walking speed, a shorter step length, a longer stance, and double support time, and smaller cadence, stride length, and knee ROM for MKOA patients |
| Muscles | The medial and lateral muscle cocontraction was increased for KOA patients |
|
| Astephen et al. [74] | Kinetics | A greater knee adduction moment in mid-stance for MKOA patients |
|
| Guo et al. [75] | Kinetics | A greater peak adduction moment during stair climbing for MKOA patients |
|
| Rudolph et al. [76] and Schmitt and Rudolph [77] | Kinetics | A smaller peak knee flexion moment during early and late stance phases for MKOA patients |
|
| Fitzgerald [78] | Kinetics | A 4-6 deg increase in varus alignment could increase around 70-90% medial compartment load during single limb bearing |
|
| Lim et al. [79] | Kinetics | Genu varum exceeding 5 deg was associated with greater functional deterioration over 18 months than the value of 5 deg or less |
| Muscles | No significant relationship between the varus malalignment and the EMG ratio of VM and VL |
|
| Kemp et al. [80] | Kinetics | A 20% increase in the peak adduction moment could increase the KOA progression risk |
|
| Slemenda et al. [81], Hurley et al. [82], and Oreilly et al. [83] | Muscles | A smaller quadriceps strength and muscle activation for KOA patients |
|
| Hubley-Kozey et al. [84] | Muscles | The medial and lateral muscle cocontraction was increased for KOA patients |
|
