Knee Joint Biomechanics in Physiological Conditions and How Pathologies Can Affect It: A Systematic Review

Table 13

Overview over the biomechanical effects of ACL and meniscus injury.

Study	Knee disorders	Analysis	Effects
Zhao et al. [90]	ACL	Kinematics	A lower knee ROM during stair climbing for ACL-injured patients
Gronstrom et al. [92]	ACL	Kinematics	A greater knee adduction angle during weight-bearing activities for ACL-injured patients
Gao and Zheng[93]	ACL	Kinematics	A slower speed and smaller stride length during walking for ACL-injured patients
Alexander and Schwameder[94]	ACL	Kinetics	A 430% and 475% increase in the patella-femur contact force during upslope and downslope, respectively, for ACL-injured patients.
Goerger et al. [95]	ACL	Kinetics	A greater peak knee adduction moment during weight-bearing activities for ACL-injured patients
Slater et al. [91]	ACL	Kinematics	A smaller peak knee flexion angle and a greater peak knee adduction angle during walking for ACL-injured patients
		Kinetics	A smaller peak E-KFM and E-KAM for ACL-injured patients
Thomas et al. [96]	ACL	Kinetics	No difference in the E-KAM among individuals with ACL injury and those who are healthy
Norcross et al. [85]	ACL	Kinetics	A greater knee energy adsorption for ACL-injured patients
Magyar et al. [87]	Meniscus injury	Kinematics	A smaller walking speed and knee ROM and a larger cadence, step length, duration of support, and double support phase for meniscus injured patients
Zhou [86]	Meniscus injury	Kinematics	A larger minimum flexion angle and a smaller maximum internal-external rotation angle for meniscus-injured patients
		Kinetics	A larger knee pressure and a smaller knee stressed area for meniscus-injured patients