References Type of brace Sample size Duration Study design Outcome measurements Results Arazpour et al. [26 ] Double-hinged brace (air cushions) 7 P (5F/2M) Immediate effect Walk KAM The KAM was significantly reduced. Knee ROM in sagittal plane was significantly decreased. Brand et al. [27 ] Double-hinged brace 22 P (10F/12M) 2 weeks Walk KAM The KAM and knee adduction angle were significantly reduced. The GRF was not significantly changed. Brandon et al. [22 ] Single/double-hinged brace 17 P (8F/9M) Immediate effect Walk KAM The KAM was not significantly changed unless the brace moment was included. The medial compartment load was significantly reduced. Croce et al. [28 ] Single-hinged brace (air cushions) 18 P (6F/12M) Immediate effect Walk KAM The KAM decreased by 7.6% with the air cushion uninflated and decreased by 26.0% with the air cushion inflated to 7 psi. Draganich et al. [29 ] Double-hinged brace 10 P (-) 4-5 weeks Walk KAM The KAM was significantly reduced. The knee flexion angle was not significantly changed. Ebert et al. [46 ] Double-hinged brace 20 H (10F/10M) Immediate effect Walk KAM The KAM was not significantly changed. Fantini et al. [47 ] Single-hinged brace 16 H (-) Immediate effect Walk KAM The KAM was reduced during walking and running tasks. The KAI of 4° and 8° valgus mode were decreased by 25% and 36%, respectively. Fantini et al. [48 ] Single-hinged brace 11 P (8F/3M) 2 weeks Walk KAM The KAM was significantly reduced. Changes in KAI of 4° valgus and flexible adjustable were 29% and 15%, respectively. Fesharaki et al. [30 ] Double-hinged brace (two-DOF) 16 P (11F/5M) Immediate effect Walk KAM The KAM was significantly reduced in walking. In the sit-to-stand test, the knee ROM was significantly reduced, and the shear force was decreased by Fesharaki et al. [24 ] Double-hinged brace (two-DOF) 1 P (1M) Immediate effect Sit-stand-sit Shear force The shear force was decreased by 45 N. Gaasbeek et al. [31 ] Single-hinged brace (air cushions) 15 P (3F/12M) 6 weeks Walk KAM The KAM and ROM was significantly reduced. Hall et al. [21 ] Single-hinged brace 16 H (7F/9M) Immediate effect Walk Contact force The medial compartment load was not significantly changed. The KFM and KAM were significantly reduced. Huber et al. [49 ] Double-hinged brace 2 H (-) Immediate effect Walk Joint load The knee loads were significantly reduced. The device provided a supportive moment during stance. The knee extension angle was not changed. Johnson et al. [32 ] Double-hinged brace 10 P (4F/6M) 3 months Walk KAM The KAM was decreased by 0.23 Nm/kg. Karimi et al. [33 ] Double-hinged brace 5 P (-) Immediate effect Walk Contact force The mean values of peak knee contact force in the vertical and mediolateral directions, knee ROM, and GRF were not statistically changed. Kim et al. [50 ] Single-hinged brace (control system) 3 H (3M) Immediate effect Walk Foot pressure The lateral-side foot pressure was significantly reduced during the stance phase. Kutzner et al. [34 ] Single/double-hinged brace 3 P (-) Immediate effect Walk Contact force The medial forces were significantly reduced during walking, while the medial forces were reduced only with the MOS brace during ascending or descending stairs. Lamberg et al. [35 ] Double-hinged brace 15 P (3F/12M) 2 weeks Walk KAI The KAI and KAM were significantly reduced. The peak knee extension angle during the stance phase was decreased. Laroche et al. [36 ] Double-hinged brace 20 P (16F/4M) 5 weeks Walk KAM The KAM was significantly reduced at the TS and PO phase. The knee internal/external rotation angle and KAI did not show any significant difference. Marius et al. [51 ] Double-hinged brace — — Simulation analysis Contact stress The femoral cartilage stress, tibia cartilage stress, and menisci stress were significantly reduced. Nagai et al. [52 ] Double-hinged brace 10 P (2F/8M) 2 weeks Walk GRF The vertical compartment of GRF was not significantly changed. Pollo et al. [37 ] Single-hinged brace 11 P (-) >2 weeks Walk KAM The KAM and the medial compartment load were significantly decreased by 13% and 11%, respectively. The maximum BAM was 11.0 Nm when the brace set to 8° valgus mode. Reinsdorf et al. [25 ] Single-hinged brace (control system) 1 H (-) Immediate effect Walk BAM The peak BAM was 8.7 Nm, and the maximum raise of BAM was 37 Nm/s during 0-15% GC. Schmalz et al. [38 ] Single-hinged brace 16 P (8F/8M) 4 weeks Walk BAM The maximum BAM was 0.05 Nm/kg, which represents approximately 10% of the natural KAM. The vertical compartment of the GRF was decreased, but the horizontal force was increased by 16.4% BW. Segal et al. [53 ] Single-hinged brace 15 P (9F/6M) Immediate effect Static standing Contact stress The mean contact stress and contact area of the medial compartment were not significantly changed during the 5°–10° and 15°-20° flexion conditions. Self et al. [54 ] Single-hinged brace 5 P (1F/4M) 2 weeks Walk KAM The KAM was significantly reduced at 20% and 25% of stance phase. The valgus force remained constant throughout the first 80% of the stance phase. Shriram et al. [55 ] — 1 H (1M) — Walk Contact force The total contact force, contact area, and contact pressure of the medial and lateral compartment were significantly changed. Toriyama et al. [39 ] Single-hinged brace 19 P (17F/2M) Immediate effect Walk KAM The KFM and KAM were significantly reduced. During 46%-55% of the stance phase, the knee adduction angle was significantly increased by an average of 0.32°.
