Research Article

Fracture Mechanics Models for Brittle Failure of Bottom Rails due to Uplift in Timber Frame Shear Walls

Figure 2

(a) Splitting failure along the bottom side of the rail; (b) splitting failure along the edge side of the rail; and (c) yielding and withdrawal of the nails in the sheathing-to-framing joints.
(a) Mode 1
(b) Mode 2
(c) Mode 3