Upper-Bound Finite Element Adaptive Analysis of Plane Strain Heading in Soil with a Soft Upper Layer and Hard Lower Layer

Figure 4

Variation in the failure mechanism for soft 1 with C/D = 2. (a) Case 2. (b) Case 3. (c) Case 4. (d) Case 5. (e) Case 6.

(a)

(b)

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(d)

(e)