Advances in Civil Engineering

Research Article

Critical Challenges for BIM Adoption in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises: Evidence from China

Table 1

Influencing factors and relevant stakeholders.


Factor ID	Stakeholder node	Factor node	Factor name	Source	Category

S2F1	S2	F1	Security of confidential data	[56]	C1
S5F1	S5	F1	Security of confidential data	[56]	C1
S2F2	S2	F2	Inserting, extracting, updating, or modifying the data in the BIM model	[57]	C1
S3F2	S3
S4F2	S4
S5F2	S5
S6F2	S6
S2F3	S2	F3	Accuracy of data transmission	Interview	C1
S3F3	S3
S4F3	S4
S2F4	S2	F4	Limited budget	[42, 44, 58]	C2
S2F5	S2	F5	High costs to educate people	[42, 59]	C2
S3F5	S3
S5F5	S5
S2F6	S2	F6	High-economic investment in the facilities	[40, 60]	C2
S5F6	S5	F6	High-economic investment in the facilities	[40, 60]	C2
S1F7	S1	F7	Inadequate funding	[38]	C2
S5F7	S5	F7	Inadequate funding	[38]	C2
S5F8	S5	F8	Downstream beneficiaries do not pay compensation to upstream for additional cost and effort	Interview	C2
S4F9	S4	F9	Standards and protocols with a common language	[42]	C3
S5F10	S5	F10	Difficulties in measuring the effects of BIM	[42, 61]	C3
S4F11	S4	F11	Interoperability among different software	Interview	C3
S5F12	S5	F12	Unlikely to find BIM that matches SMEs’ specific practice	[42, 61]	C3
S4F13	S4	F13	Lack of subcontractors who can use BIM technology	[42]	C3
S2F14	S2	F14	Lack of case studies and samples	[42]	C3
S3F14	S3
S5F14	S5
S4F15	S4	F15	Scalability to handle small simple and large complex projects	[38, 62]	C3
S2F16	S2	F16	Reluctance to change	[13]	C4
S3F16	S3	F16	Reluctance to change	[13]	C4
S2F17	S2	F17	New roles and responsibilities	[22]	C5
S5F17	S5	F17	New roles and responsibilities	[22]	C5
S5F18	S5	F18	Awareness about BIM	Interview	C4
S5F19	S5	F19	Client interest or request for BIM	[42]	C4
S2F20	S2	F20	Habits of 2D-based work	[18]	C3
S5F21	S5	F21	New contractual relationships	[63]	C5
S2F22	S2	F22	New project delivery methods	[7]	C5
S5F22	S5	F22	New project delivery methods	[7]	C5
S2F23	S2	F23	Contractual responsibilities for inaccuracies in the BIM model are unclear	[57]	C5
S3F23	S3
S5F23	S5
S2F24	S2	F24	Distribution of benefits	[21]	C5
S5F25	S5	F25	Lack of BIM-ready samples for contractual documents	[18]	C5
S3F26	S3	F26	Several people are concerned in the planning and design phases	[13]	C6
S3F27	S3	F27	Interoperability among different project teams	[6]	C6
S2F28	S2	F28	Substantial adjustment to the current process/practice change	Interview	C6
S5F28	S5	F28		Interview	C6
S3F29	S3	F29	Ownership and intellectual property rights over BIM models	[2, 6]	C7
S5F29	S5	F29	Ownership and intellectual property rights over BIM models	[2, 6]	C7
S2F30	S2	F30	New responsibilities among projects participants	[64]	C7
S1F31	S1	F31	No specific law to address BIM-related disputes	Interview	C7
S5F32	S5	F32	Organisational restructure to support BIM	[42, 60]	C8
S2F33	S2	F33	Changing well-established non-BIM procedures	[42, 65]	C8
S5F33	S5	F33	Changing well-established non-BIM procedures	[42, 65]	C8