Advances in Laboratory-Scale Hydraulic Fracturing Experiments

Table 1

Summary of the commonly adopted fluids for laboratory-scale hydraulic fracturing experiments.

Fluid	Viscosity	Flow rate (ml/min)	Setup type	Tracing medium	Reference
Gear oil	132 a	0.05	True triaxial	NA	[76]
Water	NA	5	Biaxial	Purple fluorescent dye	[77]
Guar gum	135 b	0.252	True triaxial	Red agent	[72]
L-CO2	0.1 b	1	Uniaxial	Resin-fluorescent substance mixture	[78]
x-linked guar	35 b	20	True triaxial	Red tracer	[79]
Linear gel	65 b	10	True triaxial	Red ink	[80]
Polymer	0.5 b	0.042	True triaxial	Fluorescent dye	[68]
CaCl2 solution	1 b	2	True triaxial	Red dye	[81]
MMA	0.8 b	2	Uniaxial	Fluorescent compound	[57]
Glycerin	942 b	15	Uniaxial	NA	[10]
Viscasil oil 500	0.6 b	15	Biaxial	NA	[82]
Slick water	3 b	30	True triaxial	Fluorescent tracer	[83]
Slick water	2.5 b	100	True triaxial	Red ink	[69]
Clear water	1 b	20	True triaxial	Red dye	[84]
Guar gum	135 b	19.56	True triaxial	Green dye	[85]
Tellus 100 oil	300 b	NA	True triaxial	Blue dye	[86]
Silicone oil	1000 c	30	True triaxial	NA	[87]

Note. a = mm²/s; b = MPa·s; c = cSt; NA = not available.