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| Advanced techniques | Performance aspects | Ways in which construction projects can be influenced | Sources |
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| Off-site manufacture | Time | Since better quality control can be achieved in a more controlled working environment (OSM-based project), the chance of any re-work disturbing planning and scheduling in a project is minimised. | [82, 92, 93] |
| Cost | 24-hour availability of materials in factory stock reduces the time needed for ordering and transferring materials and thus the total project time. Shorter project completion times mean lower overhead expenses. Better quality control can prevent potentially costly re-work. Better waste management is possible in a factory environment; all these factors improve project cost performance. | [82, 94] |
| Quality | Better monitoring of construction processes to produce the construction elements in a controlled environment leads to improved achievement of specifications, which contributes to quality performance | [82, 93] |
| Safety | Safety considerations are easier to observe in a factory environment where prefabricated construction components are produced. Occupational health and safety principles can efficiently and effectively imposed and monitored in a controlled work environment | [80, 82] |
| Stakeholder satisfaction | Stakeholder satisfaction is achievable by systematic adoption of advanced techniques. Respondent satisfaction has been reported for “reduced construction periods, on-site construction and labour costs, and improved quality, there still is room to overweight safety and waste subjects of OSM-based projects and compare them with that of non-OSM-based projects. It is mentionable that the level of adoption and how the adoption should be organised can play a determinant role in stakeholder satisfaction.” | ([95], p. 1) |
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| Building information modelling | Time | The coincidence of 3-D model of designs in a virtual environment can reveal any potential interference between building activities, limiting the chance of any time-consuming modifications of initial planning and scheduling while the project is in progress.
Through a virtual model supported by an information-sharing platform in BIM, the parties involved in a project can be linked together to evaluate any potentially conflicting situations, and a rapid decision can be made in the case of any confusion that may affect project progress. | [96, 97] |
| Cost | Limiting the chance of re-work and safety issues directly influence cost performance. In addition, a BIM model equipped with planning and scheduling tools enables the relevant experts to optimise resource management, which helps optimise cost performance | [98] |
| Quality | A high-quality virtual model rapidly clarifies information related to materials specifications and the delivery details of certain activities, such as the dispatch and assembly of prefabricated components at the construction site. This limits the chance of poor performance, contributing to improved quality assurance. | [99] |
| Safety | Dynamic safety analysis can be practised via the virtual site model offered by BIM. Modelling certain operations, such as cranes and plants, improves safety management. A virtual site layout contributes to the effective management of safety considerations | [100–102] |
| Greater practical clarification is possible by using a virtual environment to improve workers’ knowledge, thereby avoiding potentially hazardous situations. | |
| Quality | By reviewing the processes involved in certain activities with the workforce, the chance of errors or defect in the end product can be limited. | |
| Stakeholder satisfaction | Easy sharing of information via BIM can contribute to stakeholder satisfaction as they can better understand the other parties’ work scope and processes and coordinate their activities accordingly, limiting the chance of potential ambiguities or interference. This theme optimises multidisciplinary coordination and provides a better collaborative environment. | [55, 100, 103, 104] |
| Cost | The BIM model has excellent capability for determining measures and estimations of site activities. Highly accurate estimation could be offered accordingly, thus reducing excess costs. | |
| Cost | The optimal operations of cranes and trucks can be modelled in a BIM, and operators advised accordingly to achieve efficient performance. This also optimises the energy resources necessary to operate the site machinery efficiently. | |
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| Augmented reality | Time | Time performance is crucial for the implementation of a site schedule. Visually monitoring project progress so that as-built elements can be compared to the as-planned form of the elements can contribute to optimal schedule monitoring, improving time performance.
AR provides practitioners a model of the actual site in a virtual environment to compare with the as-built components, which allows quicker inspections and improves decision-making processes. | [105] |
| Cost | AR limits the chance of misinterpreting drawings and exchanging imprecise data. These factors are the main source of time and cost overruns. | [106] |
| Quality | AR supports automation, which allows optimum operation by the user and minimises defects of operation. | |
| Safety | An AR system allows practitioners to make virtual site visits. This can contribute to safety performance by highlighting any unseen potential threats without an actual inspection. | |
| Stakeholder satisfaction | Effective communication and information exchange between the parties involved in the project contribute to stakeholder satisfaction. The additional visualisation capability of AR and the ease of access to information and sharing information via lightweight devices improve the stakeholder satisfaction. | [107] |
| Virtual reality | Time and cost | Measures such as training the workforce in a virtual environment and simulating certain activities related to quality improvement lead to effective defect management via VR. This minimises the chance of overlooking any requirements or specifications consuming, which can be costly and time-consuming to rectify. | Reference [108] |
| Quality | Machine and equipment operators can be highly trained before they start work on the site. The wider workforce can be trained for certain activities through e-learning in VR. For example, steel erection and the placement of installation elements can be modelled in VR. Therefore, a VR platform can improve the quality of work. | [109, 110] |
| Safety | Training of the workforce is a major concern before beginning construction. VR provides an effective platform for training in a virtual environment | [111] |
| Stakeholder satisfaction | Detailed visualisation via VR provides all parties with a better understanding of the expectations of others and how to better cooperate throughout the project. This enables a dynamic process for the protection of key values, openness between parties, and competitive progress. | [112] |
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| Laser scanning | Time | In the absence of information on as-built elements, laser scanning contributes to decision-making by offering the information required for the existing components or building to plan any changes or renovations. | [113, 114] |
| | Laser scanning offers accurate data for the production of documentation via capturing and recording construction progress (as-built preparation). The risk of the production of faulty documentation that may offer erroneous information is limited. The identification of faults would take time. | [70] |
| Quality | The data offered by laser scanning can be used to monitor and evaluate construction progress if it is in compliance with the specifications as per the drawings. This contributes to quality assurance | [113, 114] |
| Cost | Laser scanning is useful for measuring the materials required and accurate calculation of materials orders, limiting the chances of waste. | [69] |
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| Blockchain | Stockholder satisfaction | Modern management encourages the architecture, engineering, and construction industries to accelerate digitalisation in architectural and engineering procedures, in tender and contract ventures and even during prefabrication for use in construction sites. The blockchain eliminates any chance of data loss and manipulation that may necessitate additional costs through data restoration. Thus, the potential for disputes among the parties involved in a project would be limited. | [65, 115] |
| Time and cost | Quick and reliable access to data and information is possible by referring to the decentralised blockchain database. This not only saves transactional data costs, but also develops a trusting environment for collaboration. | [116] |
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| Big data | Time, cost and stockholder satisfaction | Big data-based techniques tangibly affect waste management optimisation that contributes to project performance. These techniques reinforce the reliability of indexes developed for performance measurement. The waste management rate as a reliable index is one example resulting from the application of big data that has created a benchmark for project performance in Hong Kong. | [51, 117] |
| Quality | Simple and fast access to high resolution data to monitor quality is an output of big data-mining techniques. Quality can be effectively tracked by integrating reliable data from various sources. | [118–120] |
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| Automation and AI | Time and cost | A high volume of complicated construction-related jobs can be successfully accomplished within a very much shorter time period using automatic robots as hardware and tools. Further, smart software can be used to optimise certain processes (e.g., resource allocation and levelling) and to produce reliable data. The chance of any errors resulting in delays and costly reworking is limited by automation. However, additional costs may be incurred as a result of its application. | [121, 122] |
| Time and stockholder satisfaction | Some AI agents are capable not only of providing technical information, such as cost estimation, but also of leveraging collaborative environments by solving time and distance issues. In fact, smart software tools provide stockholders with effective communication tools. | [77, 123] |
| Safety | Complicated procedures and substantial physical activities create a significant risk of human error that results in injury. Automation considerably eliminates situations in which crew members may become injured. | [124] |
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