Advances in Civil Engineering / 2020 / Article / Tab 1 / Review Article
Review of the Geological Strength Index (GSI) as an Empirical Classification and Rock Mass Property Estimation Tool: Origination, Modifications, Applications, and Limitations Table 1 Empirical methods for rock mass classification and design of engineering structures in rock mass.
S. no Empirical method Year Applications Authors Reference 1 Rock load 1946 Tunnels with steel support Terzaghi [15 ] 2 Stand-up time 1958 Tunneling Lauffer [16 ] 3 Rock quality designation (RQD) 1963, 1966 Tunneling Deere and Miller [17 , 18 ] 4 Rock structure rating (RSR) 1972 Tunneling Wickham et al. [19 ] 5 Rock mass rating (RMR) 1973 (modifications 1989) Tunnels, mines, slopes Bieniawski [20 , 21 ] 6 Tunneling quality index (Q) 1974 (last modification 2002) Tunnels, mines, foundations Barton et al. [22 ] 7 New Austrian tunneling method (NATM) 1974 Tunneling Pacher and Rabcewicz [23 ] 8 Size strength classification 1975 Tunneling Franklin [24 ] 9 Basic geotechnical classification (BGC) 1981 General ISRM [25 ] 10 Rock mass strength (RMS) 1982 Metal mining Stille and Groth [26 ] 11 Unified rock mass classification system (URCS) 1984 General Williamson and Kuhn [27 ] 12 Rock mass index (RMi) 1996 Tunneling Palmström [28 ] 13 Geological strength index (GSI) 1997 All underground excavations Hoek and Kaiser [29 ] 14 Rock tunneling quality index by TBM excavation (QTBM ) 1999 TBM tunnels Barton [30 ] 15 Continuous rock mass rating (CRMR) 2003 General Sen and Bahaaeldin [31 ] 16 Rock mass excitability (RME) 2006 TBM tunnels Bieniawski von Prein et al. [32 ] 17 Rock mass quality rating (RMQR) 2015 General Aydan et al. [33 ] 18 Modification of the rock mass rating system (rock Bolt Supporting factor (RSF)) 2017 Tunneling and underground excavations Mohammadi and Hossaini [34 ] 19 Anisotropic rock mass rating (ARMR) 2018 Tunneling and general Saroglou et al. [35 ]