Hybrid Finite-Discrete Element Modelling of Excavation Damaged Zone Formation Process Induced by Blasts in a Deep Tunnel

Figure 19

Fracture initiation and propagation during smooth blasting in the top heading of the deep tunnel: (a) t = 0.10 ms; (b) t = 0.40 ms; (c) t = from 1.55; (d) t = 1.60 ms; (e) t = 1.70 ms; (f) t = 1.80 ms; (g) t = 2.00 ms; (h) t = 2.50 ms; (i) t = 3.00 ms.

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