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| Approaches | Reference | Descriptions |
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| Systems approaches | FLAC (fast Lagrangian analysis of continua) computer program | Kodikara et al. [81] | Behavior of curling during desiccation |
| Finite element method | Pouya et al. [82] | Crack propagation in an unsaturated porous body |
| SPLASH conditions | Malésys et al. [83] | Prediction of the formation and propagation of crack networks |
| 3D discrete element modeling | Sima et al. [80] | Some of the factors such as the sample thickness, the soil-base interface, micromechanical parameters, and the soil-water characteristics were analyzed in the DEM model |
Solid finite elements method:
mesh fragmentation technique | Sánchez et al. [76] | 3D crack patterns and cracking behaviors |
| Distinct lattice spring model (DLSM) with a two-phase bond model | Gui et al. [40] | Significant factors, such as soil particle size, heterogeneity, and boundary conditions. |
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| Tensile stress failure approaches | Discrete element approach | Péron et al. [39] | Prediction of the time of the occurrence of cracking, as well as the crack pattern |
| Cohesive crack method | Amarasiri et al. [84] | Field desiccation test: crack patterns obtained with time were monitored and documented |
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| Fracture mechanics approaches | Fracture mechanics
Universal distinct element code (UDEC) | Amarasiri et al. [85] | Mode I cracking is modeled and fracture properties of the propagating crack are gathered |
| Particle discretization scheme Finite element method | Hirobe et al. [78] | Pattern formation, seamless deformation/fracture analysis |
| Cohesive fracture method | Vo et al. [86] | Reproduction of the behaviors observed in the experiment (shrinkage related to drying, crack development). |
| Hydromechanical model using fracture mechanics | Levatti et al. [87] | Cracking process in clayey soils |
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