Design Forces of Horizontal Braces Unlocated at Middle of Columns considering Random Initial Geometric Imperfections

Figure 3

Instability deformation modes for horizontal braces located at 0.6L. (a) Non-sway instability (horizontal braces in compression). (b) Non-sway instability (horizontal braces in tension). (c) Sway instability (horizontal braces in compression or tension). (d) Sway instability (horizontal braces in compression or tension).

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)