Comprehensive Indicator Bank for Resilience of Water Supply Systems

Table 2

Proposed indicator bank for the resilience of water supply systems.

Dimensions

Attributes

Indicators

Source

CWSI

AWSI

CBF

NZTA

The future of urban water

WSC index

Welsh water

SCWI

SWaM_Index

CWRA

Balaei [3]

Sweya [74]

Technical

Robustness

Freshwater availability

X

X

Freshwater vulnerability

X

Freshwater allocations

X

Demand for water services

X

X

Water system leakages

X

X

The efficiency of water usage

X

Routine maintenance

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Safety

X

Renewal/upgrade of infrastructure

X

X

Technical system design/considering residual capacity/hydraulic analysis

X

X

X

Technical standards/codes

X

X

X

Interdependencies

X

X

X

Vulnerability of components

X

Robust infrastructure

X

Service continuity

X

Age of components (pipelines, pumping stations, storage tanks, and so on)

X

Condition of components (pipelines, pumping stations, storage tanks, and so on)

X

X

X

Monitoring and evaluating the system

X

Provision of adequate quality and quantity of water for usage in industry and commerce

X

X

Criticality

X

Redundancy

Water crowding (water resources that population served)

X

Water scarcity

X

X

X

X

Water security

X

Water self-sufficiency (foreign water resources through the import of water in virtual form)

X

X

Redundancy of water sources

X

X

X

Network redundancy

X

X

X

X

Redundancy of water assets

X

Industrial water use efficiency

X

Total water footprint

X

Sufficient to drink with acceptable pressure

X

Back up inventories and equipment

X

X

Diversion

X

Communication plans

X

Reserve water/reserve capacity

X

Water balance

X

Metered water

X

Reused wastewater

X

Average water loss from the water distribution network

X

System decentralisation

X

Flexibility

Response and recovery

X

X

Resource availability and production efficiency

X

X

X

X

Diversifying water sources

X

X

Maximised resource recovery

X

Multifunctional water system infrastructure

System future expansion capability

X

Critical spare parts and equipment availability

X

X

The connectedness of the system

X

Safe-to-fail

Design

X

X

Organisational

Change readiness

Consideration of water policies in urban planning

X

Engage in the education of the community

X

X

X

Availability of data

X

Sharing accurate data

X

Insurance policies

X

X

Clear definition of roles and responsibilities within the organisation

X

X

Internal coordination

X

Existence of hazard-specific resources/tools

X

X

Meeting staff needs and their availability

X

X

Identification of risk and risk assessment

X

X

X

X

X

X

Scenario planning against disasters

X

X

Emergency management plans

X

Joint planning

X

Land-use planning

X

X

Drills and response exercises

X

X

Proactive posture

X

X

Situation awareness

X

X

Ensuring adequate human capacity for operations and implementation

X

An effective business continuity plan

X

X

Disaster mitigation plan

X

Emergency response plan

X

X

Personnel training

X

Mutual aid and assistance

X

X

Network and relationships

Learning

X

X

Breaking silos

X

Leveraging knowledge

X

X

Effective partnerships

X

X

Stakeholder engagement and coordination between them

X

X

X

X

Sharing information, accessible, and quick to access

X

X

X

Effective communication with stakeholders regarding government programmes and policies

X

Coordination between government, nongovernment, and civil society

X

Communication and warning

X

Functioning as a unified team

Improving staff skills, providing training and professional development for all employees

X

X

Diverse and inclusive workforce

X

Ensure fair recruiting, remuneration, and rewards

X

Establish a career development and succession plan

X

Build an organisational culture of cooperation and adaptation

X

Effective leadership, governance, and strategy

Leadership

X

X

Staff engagement and involvement

X

X

Decision-making authority and procedures

X

X

Promotion of culture, processes, and resources to enable innovation and creativity and horizon scanning

X

X

X

X

X

Coopetition

X

Establish and promote a long-term strategy for water resilience

X

X

Legal framework and institutional setup

Regulation and legislation

X

Management and action plans

X

Knowledge, experience, and capacity of the organisation

X

Considering water system resilience as a critical component in the planning and design of the city

X

Institutional cross-sectoral structures and procedures

X

Ownership at multiple scales

X

Effective governance and assurance processes

X

Incorporation of professional and scientific expertise in decision-making on water issues

X

Considering local knowledge and culture in decision-making

X

Considering social, environmental, and economic impact in decision-making

X

X

Monitoring and evaluation of programmes

X

Political leadership

X

X

X

Government effectiveness

X

The rule of law

X

X

Control of corruption

X

Planning strategies

X

Organisational structure

X

Social

Education

DIY movement

X

Collaborative consumption

X

Water literacy/level of education

X

X

X

Adaptation to the new technology

X

Community awareness

X

Preparedness

Global population

X

Urbanisation

X

Ageing society

X

Community capacity for preparedness and response to extreme hazards

X

X

Households’ reservoir capacity

X

Mitigation plan

X

Social structural

Shared ownership and responsibility

X

Improving social cohesiveness and community networks

X

Help for organisations of civil society working on water issues

X

Location of houses

X

Population composition

X

Human health and wellbeing

Access to potable water/water access

X

X

Preventive health measures

X

Reliability of drinking water

X

X

X

X

Waterborne illness

X

X

Drinking water quality

X

X

X

X

X

X

Self-surveillance

X

Culture of health and safety and wellbeing

X

X

X

Effective enforcement of public health regulation for water

X

X

Public participation

The measure of local community strength and willingness

X

X

Public opinion and engagement

X

X

X

X

X

X

Gamification

X

Togetherness

Shared water facilities

X

Equity of essential services

Equitable access to a secure and safe source of water

X

X

Equitable access to efficient and secure sanitation

X

X

X

Equitable access to hazard protection

X

Equitable access to water-related properties’ amenity qualities

X

Affordable water for personal and domestic use

X

Existence of policies to protect vulnerable populations from displacement as a result of water-related shocks and stresses

X

Violence rate

Crime rate

X

Social perception of crime

X

Social perception of safety

X

Trust

Trust to the most people

Trust to the neighbourhood

Trust persons whom you personally know

X

Trust to army

X

Trust to police

X

Economic

Sustainable funding and finance

Financial capacity

X

X

Sustainable long-term financial planning

X

X

Commodity prices

X

X

Ensure affordability and value throughout the business

X

Water pricing

X

X

Capex availability

X

X

Opex funding allocated to the resilience initiatives

X

X

Capex priorities

X

Exiting sufficient funds for the recovery phase

X

X

X

Financial modelling

X

Economic redistribution of properties and resources for the selling or leasing of existing assets to finance the new assets

X

Development of integrity in processes for contracting and financial decision-making

X

Provision of adequate financial support for water infrastructure management and maintenance

X

Providing enough funding support for new water programmes

X

Water and sanitation pricing for cost recovery and demand management

X

Country’s GDP per capita

X

Quick access to finance

X

Public-private partnership

X

Environmental

Ecosystem health

Ecosystem stress

X

X

Surface water quality and flows

X

X

X

X

Minimise environmental pollution

X

Green infrastructure and ecosystem services

X

X

X

Native fish population

X

Protection of groundwater and surface water resources

X

X

X

X

Protection of wetlands

X

X

Waste minimisation

X

Protection of high ecological zones

X

Environmental monitoring and evaluation of resources

X

X

Protection of aquatic habitats and ecosystems

X

Human encroachment

X

Environmental sustainability

Drinking and sanitation facilities

X

Fertiliser use intensity

X

X

Land-use patterns, regulations, and zoning

X

X

Integrated catchment management

X

Consider environmental impacts in design, construction, and operation

X

X

Effective enforcement of environmental regulations for water

X

Soil erosion protection

X

Climate change policy

Local authority commitments

X

Healthy and biodiverse habitat

X

X

Attractiveness

X

Rainfall patterns

X

Mitigation

X

Adaptation

X

Debris management

Recycling and environmental responsibilities

X

Hazardous waste and separation of different types of waste

X

X

Delivering sustainable energy and resources

Assure sustainable abstraction and leakage

X

Ensure sustainable resource use and energy provision

X

Develop a robust and flexible supply chain

X

Smartness and advanced technologies

Information technologies

Data repository

X

Real-time data analytics

X

IT infrastructure

X

Internet of things

X

Big data management

X

Cyber security

X

Communication systems

Multiple and independent communication system

X

Sensors

X

X

Advanced tools

Smart water networks

X

Smart robots

X

Smart infrastructure

X

X

Smart electricity meters

X

Decentralised control system

X

Intelligent monitoring system

X

X

X

Smart materials

Nano- and biotechnology

X

Smart responsive materials

X

Advanced desalination technologies

X