Mechanical Properties of Sandstones under Initial Unloading Damage

Zhang, Hengbin; Wang, Lehua; Li, Jianlin; Deng, Huafeng; Xu, Xiaoliang

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6615846

Advances in Civil Engineering

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Volume 2021 | Article ID 6615846 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6615846

Mechanical Properties of Sandstones under Initial Unloading Damage

Hengbin Zhang,¹Lehua Wang,¹Jianlin Li,¹Huafeng Deng,¹and Xiaoliang Xu¹

Academic Editor: Xingzhou Chen

Received14 Dec 2020

Revised25 Feb 2021

Accepted13 Apr 2021

Published30 Apr 2021

Abstract

To study the influence of initial unloading damage on the mechanical properties of sandstone, the repeated loading test of unloading damaged sandstone was carried out considering 8 initial unloading quantities of 100%, 93.33%, 86.67%, 80%, 73.33%, 66.67%, 40%, and 0%. The results were compared with those of the triaxial compression test of intact samples. The results show that the peak strength of intact samples is higher than that of unloading damaged samples, and the difference is more obvious when the unloading quantity is more than 80%. During the unloading process, the strain increasing rate of rock samples is obvious, and the lateral dilatation is significant, and the deformation modulus and compressive strength of the rock sample deteriorate obviously. From the energy point of view, the greater the unloading damage, the smaller the stored elastic strain energy, which leads to the decrease of peak strength. At present, the unloading fracture inside the rock sample has developed, and the failure mode of the sample gradually changes from compression shear failure to tensile shear failure. In the process of engineering rock mass excavation, the unloading area and unloading damage amount of the rock mass is a dynamic adjustment process. To ensure the safety of the engineering rock mass, it is suggested to determine reasonable reinforcement time, reinforcement area, and reinforcement measures.

1. Introduction

The geological environment of the rock mass is usually complex. Under the influence of various human factors and geological tectonic movement, the stress state of the rock mass is also changing constantly. The simple loading and unloading tests usually carried out in the test cannot reflect the stress state of the rock mass well. In recent years, with the development of the society, human demand for resources has grown, and large-scale water conservancy continues to develop. In the process of dam foundation excavation, the unloading effect is usually along the excavation direction. When the dam body is completed, it will show the loading effect. In the unloading process, it will cause irreversible damage to the rock mass which has a certain impact on the subsequent loading. Therefore, it is of great significance to carry out a loading test on the rock mass with unloading damage.

In recent years, many scholars have performed a lot of research on unloading damage. Yin and Li [1], Gong et al. [2], and Liu et al. [3] studied the confining pressure unloading tests with different rates and modified the Hoek–Brown criterion formula. Qiu et al. [4] carried out unloading confining pressure tests with different initial damage degrees and proposed two new unloading mechanical description parameters: strain confining pressure increment ratio and uniform confining pressure drop. Huo et al. [5], Liu et al. [6], and Liu et al. [7] conducted unloading tests on mudstone, raw coal, and granite under different unloading paths. They analyzed the damage and deterioration effects of deformation, strength, and strength parameters during the unloading process. Li et al. [8] and Wang et al. [9] analyzed the stress-strain curve and failure characteristics and proposed the elastic brittle plastic mechanical model considering the unloading state. Apollaro et al. [10], Tallinn et al. [11], and Alt-Epping et al. [12] carried out a series of unloading tests. The results show that unloading causes irreversible damage to rocks, and its degradation effect has a gradual development trend with the increase of unloading quantity. Hu et al. [13], Zhong et al. [14], Ni and Xu [15], and Liu et al. [16] used FLAC and other software to analyze the influence of unloading on the strength of rock samples during coring. A new coring method is proposed to reduce the damage of rock samples in the process of sampling. Zhu et al. [17] and Ma et al. [18] studied rock samples with different initial damage from the perspective of dynamics. They obtained the conclusion that the greater the initial damage is, the greater the porosity of rock samples is. Based on the previous research foundation, Li et al. [19], Jiang et al. [20], and Zhao et al. [21] divided the unloading failure process into three types from the energy point of view: damage weakening stage, damage stable development stage, and damage accelerated development stage. Based on the existing isotropic damage constitutive theory and continuum damage mechanics method, Chen et al. [22], Luo et al. [23], Li et al. [24], and Wang et al. [25] established a three-dimensional isotropic damage model of rock and analyzed the variation law fitting formula of uniaxial compressive strength, Poisson’s ratio, and other mechanical parameters with initial damage. Dai et al. [26] carried out triaxial loading and unloading tests under different confining pressures. Based on the changes of energy dissipation and secant modulus during deformation, two damage variables were defined. Qiu et al. [27] carried out a prepeak unloading test on marble and proposed that irreversible strain, stable damage deformation, and unstable damage deformation are used to define damage variables. Zhang et al. [28] introduced confining pressure unloading factor to describe damage evolution characteristics of mechanical properties under the unloading state. Wang et al. [29] analyzed the reinforcement measures of the damaged rock mass through test data and studied the mechanical properties of a reinforced rock mass. Yu et al. [30] studied the influence of osmotic pressure on the mechanical properties of sandstone with different bedding dip angles and established the corresponding constitutive model. Yang et al. [31] studied the reinforcement method of unloading the rock mass. At the same time, he proposed a constitutive model considering the reinforcement effect.

Many scholars have laid a good foundation for the in-depth understanding of the mechanical properties of the rock mass. In practical engineering, most of the rock mass contains certain damage, and some even have been damaged close to failure, and there is little research on the mechanical properties of this part of the rock mass. Based on previous research, the loading tests of rock samples with different initial damage are carried out, and the mechanical properties of rock samples under different initial unloading damage conditions are studied. The research results have a certain reference values for excavation engineering.

2. Samples Preparation and Test Plan

2.1. Samples Preparation

In this paper, the typical sandstones in the Three Gorges Reservoir area are selected as the research objects. After the rock samples are taken back from the site, the drilling samples are made into standard samples with 50 mm diameter × 100 mm height, as shown in Figure 1. At the same time, the test is carried out on the RMT-150C rock mechanics test system, as shown in Figure 2.

2.2. Test Plan

The different damage degree is determined by the unloading quantity as follows [32]:where is the initial confining pressure. We combined the local in-situ stress conditions and the test scheme in reference [32], which is taken as 20 MPa; is the confining pressure value at failure, 12.5 MPa in this test; is the confining pressure value when unloading to grade i. 12.5 MPa, 13 MPa, 13.5 MPa, 14 MPa, 15 MPa, 17 MPa, and 20 MPa are taken in this test, and the corresponding unloading quantities are 100%, 93.33%, 86.67%, 80%, 73.33%, 66.67%, 40%, and 0%.

The stress path is shown in Figure 3. The initial confining pressure is 20 MPa, and 75% of the peak strength is selected as the axial stress level of the unloading point. After unloading to different unloading levels, the axial pressure is increased, and the samples are failured.

The specific test steps are as follows:(1)In the hydrostatic loading stage, confining pressure and axial pressure are loaded to the hydrostatic pressure of 20 MPa.(2)In the stage of axial stress loading, the method of stress control is adopted and the axial pressure is applied to the initial unloading point. In this paper, 75% of the ultimate failure strength is taken.(3)In the unloading stage of confining pressure, when the axial pressure reaches the unloading point, the axial stress remains unchanged, and the confining pressure is gradually reduced to a predetermined value, and different initial unloading damages are applied to the rock samples.(4)In the stage of repeated axial stress loading, the confining pressure is kept unchanged and the axial pressure is increased until the specimen destroyed.(5)Another group of rock samples is taken for triaxial compression tests under different predetermined confining pressures until the stress-strain curve entered the stable residual stage, and then, we take out the sample. The peak strength and residual strength of the triaxial compression test are obtained, and they are compared with the test results of different initial unloading damage rock samples.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Characteristic Analysis of Stress-Strain Curves

The stress-strain curves of rock samples with different unloading damage are shown in Figure 4, and the stress-strain curves of the triaxial compression test under corresponding confining pressures are shown in Figure 5.

From Figures 4 and 5, it can be seen that(1)The shape of the stress-strain curves under triaxial loading is basically the same, which can be divided into compaction stage, elastic stage, yield stage, postpeak softening stage, and residual strength stage. In the elastic stage, the slopes of stress-strain curves of different rock samples are approximately equal, and the elastic modulus of rock samples are approximately the same, which indicates that the selected samples have less dispersion. The yield stage of the samples is short, and the postpeak stress drops rapidly, thus showing the brittle characteristics of sandstones. With the confining pressure increasing, the peak strength and residual strength increase gradually.(3)Compared with the triaxial compression test, the two groups of test curves are basically the same in the axial compression loading stage. In the confining pressure unloading stage, the axial strain of the damaged rock samples will increase to a certain extent, and the greater the unloading quantity, the greater the increment of axial strain, which reflects an arc with a low slope rate in the stress-strain curve. It is indicated that the greater the unloading quantity, the smaller the peak strength of the specimen.

3.2. Analysis of the Strain Confining Pressure Compliance in the Unloading Stage

To analyze the influence of unloading quantity of confining pressure on axial strain increment in the unloading process, the strain confining pressure compliance is introduced [33]. The concept of is the ratio of strain increment unloading and confining pressure unloading quantity between the starting point and the ending point of confining pressure:where represents the strain confining pressure compliance, which is the strain increment caused by the unit confining pressure unloading quantity. The larger the value of the strain confining pressure compliance, the more obvious the influence of unloading on the axial strain.

We take the axial strain increment and confining pressure unloading quantity corresponding to the starting and ending points of the unloading stage, and we calculate the axial strain confining pressure compliance under different unloading quantity according to equation (2) and draw the relationship between axial strain confining pressure compliance and unloading quantity, as shown in Figure 6 and Table 1.

It can be seen from Figure 6 and Table 1 that(1)The influence of unloading quantity on the axial strain confining pressure compliance of the rock sample is significant. With the increase of unloading quantity, the axial strain confining pressure compliance increases gradually. When the unloading quantity is less than 80%, the increase of axial strain confining pressure compliances is slow. When the unloading quantity is more than 80%, the axial strain confining pressure compliances increase rapidly, which is a nonlinear mutation stage.(2)When the unloading quantity increases from 40% to 100%, the average values of the axial strain confining pressure compliance of the samples are 0.068 × 10⁻³, 0.083 × 10⁻³, 0.096 × 10⁻³, 0.122 × 10⁻³, 0.151 × 10⁻³, 0.192 × 10⁻³, and 0.337 × 10⁻³ under different unloading conditions. When the unloading quantity increases from 0% to 80%, the axial strain confining pressure compliances change slowly with an average increment of 0.054 × 10⁻³. When the unloading quantity increases from 80% to 100%, the axial strain confining pressure compliances show a nonlinear mutation stage with an increment of 0.215 × 10⁻³. When the unloading quantity is higher than 80%, the axial strain confining pressure compliance corresponding to the failure point becomes larger obviously.

3.3. Strength Parameter Analysis

3.3.1. Peak Strength Analysis

In the repeated loading stage, it can also be seen that the unloading damage caused by different unloading quantities is different. The relationship between deviatoric stress and confining pressure in the triaxial test of rock samples with different initial damage is counted, and Figure 7 is drawn.

It can be seen from Figure 7 that(1)Under different confining pressures, the peak strength of conventional triaxial compression test rock samples is linear fitting, while the curve of peak strength of rock samples with different unloading damage and confining pressure is approximately an arc curve. When the unloading quantity is 0, the peak strength is 219.96 MPa (without unloading damage). And, the smaller the unloading quantity (the smaller the unloading damage degree), the better the coincidence of the two curves, which indicates that the unloading damage has little influence on the peak strength of the rock sample. The greater the unloading quantity (the greater the unloading damage degree), the greater the difference between the two curves, which indicates that the influence of the unloading damage degree on the peak strength of the rock sample is more obvious.(2)When the unloading quantity increases from 40% to 100%, the peak strength of the unloading damaged rock sample decreases from 204.72 MPa to 167.12 MPa and that of the conventional triaxial compression specimen corresponding to confining pressure decreases from 209.62 MPa to 191.28 MPa, corresponding to a decrease of 2.34% to 12.63%. Compared with the two groups of data, when the unloading quantity is less than 80%, the difference in peak strength is small. When the unloading quantity is higher than 80%, the peak strength of unloading damaged rock samples decreases sharply, and the difference of peak strength between the two groups of rock samples increases obviously.

3.3.2. Degradation Factor of Unloading Damage Analysis

Compared with the intact rock sample, the peak strength of the unloading damaged rock sample is lower than that of the conventional triaxial compression test under the same confining pressure, and the peak strength is decreased, resulting in a certain damage deterioration effect. To analyze the damaging effect of peak strength, the unloading damage deterioration factor is defined as follows:where is the peak strength of the unloading damaged rock sample and is the peak strength of the triaxial compression test rock sample under the same confining pressure. The larger the degradation factor of unloading damage is, the greater the damaging effect is.

At the same time, the unloading damage deterioration factor is set as a function of the unloading quantity. According to the data in Figure 7, the unloading damage deterioration factor is fitted with the unloading quantity, as shown in Figure 8.

It can be seen from Figure 8 that, with the increase of unloading quantity, the unloading damage deterioration factor increases gradually, and the minimum value is 0 when the unloading quantity is 0%, and the maximum value is 1 when the unloading quantity is 100%. The unloading damage deterioration factor and confining pressure showed an exponential growth trend. When the unloading quantity is less than 80% (D < 0.4), the change of the unloading damage deterioration factor is relatively gentle. When the unloading quantity increases from 80% to 100% (D ≥ 0.4), the unloading damage deterioration factor shows a rapid growth trend.

3.4. Deformation Modulus in Unloading Stage and Repeated Loading Stage Analysis

The deformation modulus of rock samples in the unloading stage is counted and plotted as Figure 9 and Table 2.

(a)

(b)

Figure 9 and Table 2 show that the deformation modulus of the rock sample is about 23 GPa before unloading, which indicates that the selected sample has small dispersion. In the unloading process, with the increase of unloading quantity, the deformation modulus of the sample decreases gradually, which shows a trend of slowing first and then steeping. When the unloading quantity is 40%, 66.67%, and 73.33%, the reduction range of the deformation modulus is 1.00%, 2.13%, and 3.22% and the average change range of the deformation modulus is 2.12%. When the unloading quantity is 80%, 86.67%, 93.33%, and 100%, the deformation modulus of the sample decreases suddenly during the unloading process. With the increase of the unloading quantity, the deformation modulus of the sample decreases sharply. The range of reduction is 5.69%, 9.05%, 12.24%, and 22.17%, with an average value of 12.29%. It means that, in the unloading stage, with the increase of unloading quantity, the declining trend of the deformation modulus is more obvious.

3.5. Axial Strain Energy Density in Unloading and Repeated Loading Stages’ Analysis

3.5.1. Principle of Energy Calculation

Considering the deformation of a rock mass element under the action of external force, it is assumed that there is no heat exchange between the specimen and the outside in the whole test process. The work done by the external force is the total input energy, which is defined as [34] according to the principle of energy conservation:where is the energy consumption of rock and is the elastic strain energy released by rock.

Figure 10 shows the stress-strain curve of rock. represents the elastic modulus of rock. The damage and deformation of rock are caused by the energy consumption of rock. The dissipation of energy is an irreversible process, but the release and absorption of energy are reversible as long as certain conditions are met.

Therefore, the total energy absorbed by the rock mass can be expressed as follows [34]:where is the axial principal stress and is the axial strain.

3.5.2. Influence of Unloading on Axial Strain Energy Density

Equation (5) is used to calculate the work done by the testing machine on the unit volume of the rock sample. We draw Figure 11. The testing machine cannot measure the lateral displacement of the specimen. Therefore, the energy density of the second loading process is calculated, which is called the axial strain energy density, as shown in Figure 12.

It can be seen from Figure 11 that(1)With the increase of initial unloading, the axial strain energy density decreases gradually. When the initial unloading quantity is less than 80%, the axial strain energy density decreases linearly. When the initial unloading quantity is greater than 80%, the axial strain energy density of the unloading damaged rock sample decreases sharply and the curve presents a nonlinear mutation stage, which indicates that the axial strain energy density has a great loss at this time.(2)When the initial unloading quantity is 0%, the axial strain energy density of the specimen is 120.45 kJ·m⁻³. When the initial unloading quantity is less than 80%, the energy density changes by 88.23 kJ·m⁻³. When the initial unloading quantity is more than 80%, the energy density decreases by 35.65 kJ·m⁻³.(3)The reason is that when the initial unloading quantity is less than 80% (D < 0.4), the cracks in the rock sample are not fully developed, the unloading damage is small, and the rock can still store high energy. Therefore, the work done by the testing machine on the rock sample is stored in the form of elastic potential energy. When the initial unloading quantity is greater than 80% (D ≥ 0.4), the cracks in the rock are more frequent. At this time, the elastic potential energy stored in the rock is sharply reduced and the rock sample is destroyed only with little work done by the testing machine.

To quantitatively analyze the influence of unloading quantity on the ultimate storage energy of samples, the degree of energy damage in the unloading process and repeated loading process are defined as the deterioration degree. Among them, the difference between the energy density of samples with different unloading quantity and that of samples with 0% unloading quantity is recorded as the total deterioration degree [35]. The difference of energy density of adjacent unloading samples is recorded as the stage degradation degree [35]. And, we quantified it in the form of a percentage:where is the energy density when the unloading quantity is 0% and is the energy density of rock samples with different unloading quantities.

The variation curve of the total deterioration degree and stage deterioration degree of axial strain energy density is shown in Figure 13.

(a)

(b)

It can be seen from Figure 13 that(1)In the unloading process, with the increase of unloading quantity, the total deterioration degree of the axial strain energy density of the rock sample increases gradually, and the degradation law is consistent, which shows a linear change first and then changes into a sudden rule. Moreover, when the unloading quantity is less than 80%, the changing trend of the total deterioration degree of axial strain energy density is consistent with the peak strength law. After that, the deterioration trend of energy density suddenly increases. In comparison, with the increase of unloading quantity, the damage degree of the rock sample is higher and the changing trend of energy density is relatively obvious.(2)During the unloading process, the nonuniformity of the deterioration degree of rock samples in the energy density stage is obvious. Under the condition of different unloading quantities, when the unloading quantity is less than 80%, the stage deterioration degree of axial strain energy density is 35.0%, which is obviously smaller. When the unloading quantity is greater than 80%, the deterioration trend of the stage deterioration degree is obviously increased, which is 35.0%–100%. Generally, the stage deterioration degree increases with the increase of unloading quantity, which indicates that the unloading damage effect of unloading quantity on the rock sample is gradually strengthened.(3)Comparing the total degradation degree curve of energy density with that of the stage degradation degree, it can be seen that the change is linear or gentle when the unloading quantity is less than 80% and increases sharply when the unloading quantity is greater than 80%. Also, the growth trend of the stage deterioration degree is more obvious. It shows that, with the increase of unloading quantity, especially when the unloading quantity is more than 80%, the change rate of energy density is also gradually accelerated. When the unloading quantity is less than 80%, the energy density loss is very small.(4)It can be concluded that when S < 0.35, there are no new cracks in the rock sample or the number of new cracks is small, so the damage degree of the rock sample is low. Therefore, the difference in peak strength between the unloading damage sample and the intact sample is small. The strain confining pressure compliance and deformation modulus tend to be stable. When S ≥ 0.35, the deformation modulus and strain confining pressure compliance of the rock sample present the nonlinear mutation stage which has a steep slope. The results show that the peak strength of the specimen decreases sharply, and more new cracks are formed in the interior of the specimen during unloading, and the damage degree is large.

3.5.3. Influence of Axial Strain Energy Density on Mechanical Parameters

This section mainly discusses the correlation between axial strain energy density and mechanical parameters of sandstones during unloading. In this regard, the relationship between axial strain energy density and peak strength of sandstone specimens under different unloading quantities is given, as shown in Figure 14.

From Figure 14, it can be found that the axial strain energy density and peak strength present linear change. When the elastic strain energy stored in the sample is 0∼120.45 kJ·m⁻³, the peak strength of the sample is 167.12 MPa∼219.96 MPa. There is a positive correlation between them. This rule is reasonable because both of them are linearly related to the unloading quantity and have a sudden change at 80%. In other words, before 80% of the unloading quantity, the internal crack development of the sample is not obvious and the sample can store more elastic energy. So the testing machine needs to do more work to destroy the sample; therefore, the peak strength is larger. When the unloading quantity exceeds 80%, many through cracks are formed in the sample and the fracture development is complete. The elastic energy stored in the sample decreases sharply, and the specimen can be destroyed by the testing machine with only a small amount of work. The peak strength of the specimen will drop sharply.

3.6. Failure Mode of Rock Samples’ Analysis

To further analyze the influence of unloading damage on the characteristics of sandstones, the failure mode of rock samples is analyzed. Due to space limitations, only typical photos of partial damage are listed. The failure diagram and fracture sketch of some typical rock samples in the conventional triaxial compression test are shown in Figure 15(a), and those of some typical rock samples with different initial unloading damage are shown in Figure 15(b).

(a)

(b)

From Figure 15, it can be seen that(1)In the conventional triaxial compression test, the fracture mode of the specimen is a shear failure with only one fracture surface usually. In the unloading damaged rock sample, when the unloading quantity is small (S < 0.35), there is usually only one fracture surface. When the unloading quantity is large (S ≥ 0.35), a large number of secondary tensile cracks are produced.(2)During the unloading process, there are many tensile microcracks in the rock sample. So, in the subsequent loading process, secondary tensile cracks are formed on both sides of the shear plane when the rock sample is damaged. When the unloading quantity is large (S ≥ 0.35), the specimen is more prone to fracture and the degree of failure is also relatively strong, and the tensile shear failure of the specimen mainly occurs. This point can also be seen in the test process, especially when the unloading quantity is large (S ≥ 0.35). The rock sample suddenly loses its strength, and the crisp fracture sound can be heard during the failure, which also indicates that the rock sample has a relatively strong brittle failure.(3)The failure modes of rock samples with different unloading damage amounts are also different. When the unloading quantity is less than 80% (S < 0.35), with the decrease of unloading quantity, the tensile crack at the end of the specimen gradually decreases, and the specimen changes from tensile shear failure to compression shear failure. The macroscopic failure surface is a single shear failure surface, and the failure mode is the same as that of a conventional triaxial compression test. When the unloading quantity is greater than 80% (ΔS ≥ 0.35), there are axial tensile fracture surfaces, secondary conjugate shear surface, primary conjugate shear surface, and tensile fracture surface producing. All kinds of tensile fractures are well developed, and the dilatancy along the unloading direction is obvious. The specimen shows tensile shear failure, and there are a certain number of axial cracks at the end of the specimen.

4. Conclusions

In this paper, triaxial compression tests are carried out on specimens with different initial unloading damage, and the results are compared with those of intact specimens. We come to the following conclusion:(1)The influence of unloading quantity on the axial strain confining pressure compliance of rock samples is significant. There is a positive correlation between them, and the deformation is more obvious when the unloading quantity is more than 80%.(2)The unloading damage degradation factor D is defined to analyze the unloading damage. When D < 0.4, the strain confining pressure compliance and deformation modulus of the unloading damage sample tend to be stable, and the peak strength is not different from that of the intact sample. When D ≥ 0.4, the deformation modulus and peak strength decrease rapidly, and the strain confining pressure compliance increases sharply.(3)There is a positive linear correlation between the axial strain energy density and the peak strength. The greater the elastic energy stored, the higher the peak strength is.(4)The failure mode is analyzed systematically from the angle of energy, and the degradation degree ΔS = 0.35 in the axial strain energy density stage is taken as the dividing line. When ΔS < 0.35, the specimen is mainly compression shear failure and the macroscopic failure surface is a single shear failure surface. When ΔS ≥ 0.35, the dilatancy characteristics of the specimen are obvious, which show tensile shear failure.

Data Availability

The test data are included within this article and can be made freely available.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (nos. U1965109, 51809151, and 51679128) and sponsored by Research Fund for Excellent Dissertation of China Three Gorges University (no. 2020BSPY006).

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Copyright © 2021 Hengbin Zhang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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