Experimental Study on Local Scour and Related Mechanical Effects at River-Crossing Underwater Oil and Gas Pipelines

Figure 11

Pressure and strain on the surface of the pipeline when half of the pipeline is buried and half exposed: (a) pressure on the surface of the pipeline when the embedment ratio is −0.5 and (b) strain on the surface of the pipeline when the embedment ratio is −0.5.

(a)

(b)