Exploring Critical Factors Affecting Contractors’ Coopetition Relationship in International Construction Projects

Table 1

Summary of the factors that influence the coopetition relationship in previous studies.

Dimensions	Variables		Factors	References
Management commitment	Management leadership	A01	A clear definition of responsibilities/roles	[17, 19]
		A02	Support from senior management	[23]
		A03	Mutually beneficial policy and strategy	[24]
		A04	Equal power/empowerment	[17]
		A05	Maintaining financial liquidity	[25, 26]
	Organization variables	A06	Organizational motivation	[27]
		A07	Employee participation	[28]
		A08	Efficient human resource allocation	[7, 29]
		A09	Adapting mutual organizational culture	[17]
		A10	Dedicated team	[23]
	Long-term commitment	A11	Adapting mutual strength and weakness	[30]
		A12	Long-term cooperative agreement/perspective	[23, 31]
		A13	Commitment to continuous improvement	[17]
		A14	Periodical evaluation of partnering effect	[32]
		A15	Complementary resources	[19]
Mutual integration and communication management	Mutual trust	B01	Common goal	[33]
		B02	Commitment to quality	[17]
		B03	Fair profit assumption	[25]
		B04	Partnering goals’ achievement	[23]
		B05	A commitment to a win–win attitude	[19]
		B06	Acting consistently with objectives	[17]
	Knowledge and risk sharing	B07	Independent intellectual property	[34]
		B08	Effective independent intellectual sharing	[35]
		B09	The ability to respond to risks	[17, 36]
		B10	Effective risk sharing	[37]
	Information support	B11	High-level data interchange	[38]
		B12	Effective coordination	[33]
		B13	A willingness to share information	[13]
	Conflict management system	B14	Conflict identification	[19]
		B15	Productive conflict resolution	[19, 30]
		B16	Conflict monitoring and improvement	[39]
Internal variables	Technology and resources	C01	Adequate resources	[18]
		C02	Extent of natural resource/power seeking	[25]
		C03	Technical expertise	[40]
		C04	Technology and innovation	[41]
	Corporate influence	C05	Company image and knowledge of brand	[42]
		C06	Advertising and promotion of company	[42]
		C07	Strong relationship with governments	[43]
		C08	Firm’s degree of internationalization	[44]
		C09	Degree of localization	[41, 45]
	Firm’s capability	C10	Previous work experience	[12, 23]
		C11	Marketing capability	[15]
		C12	Project management skills	[12]
External variables	Political environment	D01	Degree of stability of the government/regime	[46]
		D02	Policy uncertainty	[46]
		D03	Attitude toward the project by the host country	[46]
	Industry variables	D04	Level of industry competition	[47]
		D05	Degree of industry concentration	[48]
		D06	Level of industry maturity	[45]
	Economic performance	D07	Currency instability	[41]
		D08	Inflation	[49]
		D09	Exchange rate volatility	[41]
		D10	Credit ratings	[50]