Two Iterative Methods for Solving Linear Interval Systems

Siahlooei, Esmaeil; Shahzadeh Fazeli, Seyed Abolfazl

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/2797038

Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing

On this page

Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results and Discussion Conclusion Data Availability Conflicts of Interest References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2018 | Article ID 2797038 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/2797038

Two Iterative Methods for Solving Linear Interval Systems

Esmaeil Siahlooei¹and Seyed Abolfazl Shahzadeh Fazeli^1,2

Academic Editor: Shyi-Ming Chen

Received28 May 2018

Revised28 Aug 2018

Accepted24 Sept 2018

Published08 Oct 2018

Abstract

Conjugate gradient is an iterative method that solves a linear system , where is a positive definite matrix. We present this new iterative method for solving linear interval systems , where is a diagonally dominant interval matrix, as defined in this paper. Our method is based on conjugate gradient algorithm in the context view of interval numbers. Numerical experiments show that the new interval modified conjugate gradient method minimizes the norm of the difference of and at every step while the norm is sufficiently small. In addition, we present another iterative method that solves , where is a diagonally dominant interval matrix. This method, using the idea of steepest descent, finds exact solution for linear interval systems, where ; we present a proof that indicates that this iterative method is convergent. Also, our numerical experiments illustrate the efficiency of the proposed methods.

1. Introduction

Solving system of linear equations is a well-known problem in linear algebra. Many practical problems are modeled as system of linear equations. These problems have been studied by many scientists and several methods have been proposed to solve them [1, 2]. But, in everyday life, measuring instruments just estimate values, and usually measured values are not accurate. Sometimes for more accuracy, intervals are used to represent the actual values. For example, the length of a metal rod is estimated between and centimeters, or temperature measured by a thermometer is between and Celsius.

There are many types of uncertainty and there are many different mathematical systems that calculate uncertainties [3], e.g., rough sets theory [4], fuzzy numbers [5], probability theory [6], interval valued numbers [7], and dual fuzzy numbers [8]. In this paper, uncertainty is considered as interval numbers. Some articles used this model to solve their problems [9, 10].

Using interval numbers in algebra was initially developed in the mid-1960s. In 1966, Moore presented his book on interval analysis [11]. Then Hansen offered a solution on interval linear algebraic equations [12]. Then many authors published their methods for solving linear interval systems, such as Neumaier, Abolmasoumi and Alavi, Nirmala, and Ganesan [13–15]. Nowadays, interval analysis methods have been applied to engineering problems, such as dynamic response analysis [16, 17], geotechnical structures [18], and control systems [19].

In this paper, we introduce two new iterative methods for solving a linear interval system of equations that is a linear system involving uncertain coefficients appearing as interval numbers. The solution of this system is an interval vector.

The present paper is organized as follows. The basic definitions related to interval numbers and linear interval systems are discussed in Section 3. In Section 3.1, we introduce two additional interval operations. These are inverse operations of “−” and “+.” Section 3.2 recalls some properties of interval numbers and interval arithmetic. Also, it introduces some new properties on introduced operations. Next, we review conjugate gradient method and then present a new method for solving linear interval systems based on conjugate gradient method. Another new iterative method using steepest descent idea is proposed in Section 3.4. Section 4 shows the experimental results of the proposed methods and discusses the accuracy and efficiency of the new methods.

2. Interval Arithmetic

Interval numbers and arithmetic are explained in [7, 11, 13, 20]. We review main definition here. Given , where , the real bounded set is called a proper interval. The set of all proper intervals on is denoted by . In this paper, all elements in are shown with a hat, i.e., .

The infimum and supremum of are and , respectively.

The magnitude is defined to be the maximum value of for all . ThusThe width and midpoint of are denoted by and , respectively, and defined asAn interval number is defined as a subset of interval number when and and denoted by . Equality held when .

Each real number can be viewed as a special interval number . The interval simply can be denoted by without confusion.

For each binary operation which is defined on , a binary operation is defined on asfor . Note that we will use operator for both interval and real numbers when there is no confusion.

Therefore, basic interval arithmetic is defined in the following. Let ; thenwhereNote that there is a simple alternative way to formulate the interval multiplication.

An interval vector is a vector whose elements are interval numbers. Similarly, an interval matrix is a matrix whose elements are interval numbers.

Consider , , , and . We say if each element of vector belongs to corresponding element of and if each element of matrix belongs to the corresponding element of .

Norm of interval vector is defined in [21] asWe define a square interval matrix as diagonally magnitude dominant or for simplicity diagonally dominant if

Proposition 1. Interval matrix is diagonally dominant if and only if

Proof. Equation (13) directly follows (12); just set and when .
If (13) holds then andFinally,General matrix form of linear interval systems can be written as follows:where is an interval matrix, is an interval vector solution, and is an interval vector.
To solve a linear interval system, there exist some different approaches [22–24]. Four of the well-known approaches are as follows:(1)Find an interval vector such that, for all , and exist such that (united solution set).(2)Find an interval vector such that, for all , for all , exists such that (tolerable solution set). Equivalently,(3)Find an interval vector such that, for all , for all , exists, such that (controllable solution set). Equivalently,(4)Find an interval vector such that multiplication is equal to (exact solution set). United solutions are studied in [13, 25, 26]. In [22, 27] methods have been published to find tolerable solutions. Also, some methods have been developed to obtain controllable solutions [14, 28] and exact solutions [12, 14, 29–31] of interval linear systems.
Our proposed method calculates a solution for in the sense of the exact solution, where is a diagonally dominant interval matrix.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. Inverse Operations for “+” and “”

Suppose we are given an equation , where is a known interval number, and is an unknown interval number, how can one find ?

Obviously is the solution to this equation. However, which is not equal to unless . If the operation “−” is inverse of the operation “+,” then must equal . But and unless .

As it can be observed, the operator “−” is not inverse of the operation “+.” Similarly, it can be observed that the operation “” is not inverse of the operation “.” Therefore, we propose the inverse of operations “+” and “.”

Before introducing inverse operations for “+” and “,” we need another general type of intervals that is defined in [32, 33]. A general closed interval is identified by two real numbers and is defined asThe general interval number space over real numbers is denoted by . Obviously, . All definitions (supremum, infimum, and magnitude) and operations in are defined the same as but computation over is more complicated than . The arithmetic over is well discussed in [20, 32, 33]. For example, as in (7), or as in (8). The width of a general interval number can be negative; for example, . Also, according to definition of subset, .

In this paper, by general interval, we mean general closed intervals.

For , the operation “” is defined in [20, 33] asFor , we define the operation “” asNote that this definition can handle many cases where belongs to , and just in three cases compute undefined or unbounded solution. This property lets us design algorithms with high stability and consistent when working with interval values that contain .

In the following two theorems, we show that operations “” and “” are inverse of operations “+” and “,” respectively [34].

Theorem 2. Given , then the interval equation has a unique solution , where . The equation has a unique solution in if ; otherwise the equation has no solution in but has exactly one in .

Proof. That is, , which solves . Similarly, ; therefore, we have , where .
Therefore if and , then can be found with this inverse operation uniquely.

Theorem 3. Given , then the interval equation has a solution , where . The equation has a solution in if ; otherwise the equation has no solution in but has in .

Remark. Solution is not usually unique; e.g., the interval equation has solutions . Actually, this equation has unlimited solutions. All intervals and where and can be solution of this equation.

In cases that is not unique, is considered as the longest interval as possible. In the above example, must be .

Proof. Suppose . Before starting the proof, note that multiplication result, , depends on the sign of and . Table 1 shows sign of related to sign of and and also shows formulas of multiplication result.
Suppose that, given , , and and . Now, from Table 1, it is observed that the following must occur: and . ThenThis means in this case is uniquely calculated by inverse operations of “.” For other cases except cases with condition , one can provide similar proofs.
For cases with condition , there is an ambiguity. From Table 1, there are three cases in column . They have the same conditions . The solution can be in forms , , and , respectively. The solution should be in form of , because it is the longest possible interval solution and includes both of the others. Now, find and . If with condition is the solution of , then . It follows thatandThen,If , then , and . This contradicts with . HenceSimilarly,and therefore, we have .
In addition, special case should be considered separately. If and , no exists such that . If , then is free and expression is consistent for all . At this point is considered as .

3.2. Some Properties of the Interval Arithmetic Operations

In this section, first we recall some basic properties of interval arithmetic. For the following rules hold [35]:For we haveIn relation (35), equality holds when or .

Proposition 4. Consider ; then

Proof. Let ; then and , so

Proposition 5. For we haveand equality holds when or .

Proof. Let and then . SoObviously equality holds when or , where , which implies property (36).

Proposition 6. For we have

Proof. and using definition of we haveDefine and ; then and . So,and hence (40) holds.

3.3. Modified Conjugate Gradient Method for Linear Interval Systems

Conjugate gradient method is one of the most useful techniques in solving iterative methods for solving linear system of equations, whose matrix is symmetric and positive definite. The conjugate gradient method was proposed by Hestenes and Stiefel in 1952 as an iterative method for solving linear systems with positive definite coefficient matrices [36]. The conjugate gradient algorithm for linear system of equations can be briefly described as follows.

Consider system with solution . Start with an initial estimate of . At step use to new estimate of which is closer to . At each step residual is computed and used as a measure of the goodness of the estimate . The algorithm is detailed below for solving , where A is a symmetric, positive definite matrix.

We generalize this method for linear interval systems when the interval matrix is symmetric, for all , and is an interval vector. There are articles describing and analyzing conjugate gradient method such as [37–39]. These articles illustrated which operator was used in original role, or acted in inverse operator. The new algorithm is obtained from original conjugate gradient method by modifying and replacing all operations with related interval operations; also all operators acting in the role of inverse operators are replaced by inverse of interval operators. In addition, we use interval vector norm instead of real vector norm.

In the first modification on conjugate gradient, we change some operation “−,” with inverse operation “” whenever needed. In Step 2 of Algorithm 1, “−” is applied for computing difference of and . In Step 7 operation “−” is used, but at proof of conjugate gradient method in [39], is replaced with expression . So, the operation “+” is summed over and . This means “−” in Step 7 is used for inverse of “+.” Therefore we use the operation “” instead of “−” in steps 2 and 7.

(1) function CG
Input:
Output:
(2)
(3)
(4) repeat
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11) until ( is sufficiently small)
(12)

The second modification is similar to the first modification. We change operation “” with inverse operation “.” In steps 5 and 8 of Algorithm 1 operation “” is used as inverse of multiplication in proof of conjugate gradient [39].

The third modification, , is used instead of . In real linear algebra, expression equals square of of , and value of is related to amount of error. We replace this with that has the same meaning. The interval modified conjugate gradient method is the result of these modifications and is shown in Algorithm 2.

(1) function ICG
Input:
Output:
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5) repeat
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11) if then
(12) break
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16) if then
(17) break
(18)
(19) until
return

3.4. Interval Steepest Descent Method for Linear Interval Systems

First, we define derivative on interval functions. In differential algebra, the derivative of with respect to measures the sensitivity to change value of with respect to . In mathematical termsAccording to this, the derivative of an interval function with respect to is denoted as or or and is defined by the following formula:Let and be a function. The partial derivative of a multivariable interval function is a derivative with respect to one variable when all other variables are fixed. The partial derivative with respect to is denoted as and is defined as Immediately from definitions (44) and (45) and the properties discussed, one can obtain the following properties of derivative and partial derivative of interval functions:Now consider the linear interval system when is a symmetric interval matrix, and is a known interval vector. Let be an interval functionThe gradient of with respect to is the vector of partial derivatives asLet and . Thenso, for any ()And,so, for all ()Note that . Thenand then, from (52)Assume is the solution of linear interval system ; thenSo,Now, consider and , where element of is and other elements of are zero . Note that indicates the opposite of direction . ThenThe derivative of with respect to isIf equals zero, then one can obtain asNow moves to with respect to direction when is fixed. So and also .In the following, we assume that is a given vector as initial guess. If set , then , where , haveand thenThe descending series converges to . So, converges to .

The steepest descent algorithm for intervals is shown in Algorithm 3.

(1) function ISD
Input:
Output:
(2)
(3) repeat
(4)
(5) for
(6)
(7)
(8) (
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12) if then
(13) return
(14) if then
(15) return
(16) until

4. Results and Discussion

In this section, some numerical examples show how our iterative methods can solve interval systems. Accuracy of produced solutions is measured by a kind of norm of residual vector where is the produced solution in th iteration. The norm used in this section is then maximum of magnitude of all residual vector elements.

We examine our methods with a famous system and then examine them with random matrices with several dimensions. Our results illustrate the effectiveness of our algorithms.

Example 7. Consider the linear interval system [22, 40]Let be initial estimation and be tolerance. Interval modified conjugate gradient method finds the estimation at iteration 13. However, interval steepest descent finds solution at iteration Accuracy of results is determined by the residual vectors as follows:Also when the accuracy of the obtained results of two methods iswhen and are found at and iterations, respectively.

Tables 2 and 3 show values and with their maximum of the magnitude of the residual vector at iteration, respectively.

The method presented in [13, 15, 25, 26, 30] could not solve this system where 0 belongs to their elements to the right-hand side vector, because their methods cannot resolve divide-by-zero issues.

This system is solved in [22, 40], and solutions obtained by them are respectively.

Note thatIt is to be noted that the solutions obtained from our methods are better than other techniques.

Example 8. Consider the linear interval system , where is a random diagonally dominant interval matrixThis system has exact solutionWe consideredas initial solution and as tolerance.

The generalized conjugate gradient method, after iterations obtained, iswhile the value of magnitudes of residual is .

When , interval modified conjugate gradient method after iterations obtained while magnitude of is .

Interval steepest descent method obtained estimations and at iterations and when and , respectively. The accuracy of and isThe results of these experiments are shown in Figure 1. This figure shows the convergence of the two proposed methods. As it can be seen, the interval steepest descent method has faster convergence than interval modified conjugate gradient method.

This example illustrates that our methods can solve systems where some of their elements have in their intervals, without producing divide-by-zero error.

Example 9. Consider Example 8 with a differentwhich has the exact solutionUsing interval modified conjugate gradient method, we obtainUsing interval steepest descent method, we obtainLet the system considered in Example 8 be given with another which has the exact solutionUsing interval modified conjugate gradient method and interval steepest descent method, we obtainand

Example 10. We examined the two proposed methods with a number of random linear interval systems when is a random interval symmetric diagonally dominant matrix. Tables 4 and 5 show the number of iterations needed by our presented methods to find the solution with tolerances and for random interval systems with various dimensions.
Note that there are infinite random matrices with dimension , and number of iterations just does not depend on It depends on , the coefficient matrix, and right-hand side vector. However, each row of these tables just shows number of iterations for random linear systems. These matrices are not special matrices, and these tables show a good view of dependency of dimension and approximation of number of iterations. These tables also show needed iterations in interval steepest descent are less than the interval modified conjugate gradient method.

5. Conclusion

In this paper, we presented two operators “” and “” as inverse operators of “+” and “” in interval arithmetic. The proposed operation “” can solve many equations in the form , where , without concerning divide-by-zero.

Using these two operators, we proposed two iterative methods for computing exact solution of linear interval systems. The first method, based on the conjugate gradient method, replaced real operations with interval operations. The second method uses steepest descent idea to solve linear interval systems. We presented the interval function . Then using analysis of , it was proved that the second method is convergent.

Our proposed methods are using operations “” and “,” solving systems, specially systems which have belonging to some of their elements without the divide-by-zero issues. This is the main advantage of our methods. Also, our results showed the efficiency and fast convergence of the proposed methods. In addition, one can control and improve the accuracy of the solution, by control of the tolerance parameter .

The important application of interval number and interval analysis is in the modeling of uncertain values. There are many uncertain values in fields of engineering sciences that can be modeled in interval numbers. Uncertainty in some of these problems can be modeled in interval numbers, for example, the interval methods applied to linear state feedback control of uncertain values [41], reliability optimization under parameter uncertainty [42], decision-making under uncertainty [43], and perturbation analysis [44]. Our next research is to consider the applicability of our method to some of the engineering problems.

Data Availability

No data were used to support this study.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

References

G. H. Golub and C. F. van Loan, Matrix Computations, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Md, USA, 3rd edition, 1996.
View at: MathSciNet
B. N. Datta, Numerical Linear Algebra and Applications, SIAM, Philadelphia, Pa, USA, 2010.
View at: MathSciNet
M. J. Wierman, An introduction to the mathematics of uncertainty, Creighton University, 2010.
Z. Pawlak, L. Polkowski, and A. Skowron, Rough Set Theory, 2008.
H.-J. Zimmermann, “Fuzzy set theory,” Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Statistics, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 317–332, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. Liu, “Uncertainty theory,” in Uncertainty theory, pp. 205–234, Springer, Berlin, Germany, 2007.
View at: Google Scholar
G. Alefeld and J. Herzberger, Introduction to Interval Computations, Academic Press, New York, NY, USA, 1983.
View at: MathSciNet
F. Mora-Camino and C. A. Cosenza, “Fuzzy Dual Numbers,” in Fuzzy Dual Numbers, pp. 11–16, Springer, 2018.
View at: Google Scholar
E. Zieniuk, A. Kużelewski, and M. Kapturczak, “The influence of interval arithmetic on the shape of uncertainly defined domains modelled by closed curves,” Computational & Applied Mathematics, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 1027–1046, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | MathSciNet
D. Pal and G. S. Mahapatra, “Parametric functional representation of interval number with arithmetic operations,” International Journal of Applied and Computational Mathematics, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 459–469, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | MathSciNet
R. E. Moore, Interval Analysis, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA, 1966.
View at: MathSciNet
E. Hansen, “On the solution of linear algebraic equations with interval coefficients,” Linear Algebra and its Applications, vol. 2, pp. 153–165, 1969.
View at: Google Scholar | MathSciNet
A. Neumaier, Interval Methods for Systems of Equations, Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1990.
View at: MathSciNet
K. Ganesan and P. Veeramani, “On arithmetic operations of interval numbers,” International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 619–631, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | MathSciNet
S. Abolmasoumi and M. Alavi, “A Method For Calculating Interval Linear System,” Journal of Mathematics and Computer Science, vol. 08, no. 03, pp. 193–204, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Liu, “Interval Analysis of Dynamic Response of Structures,” in Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Electrical, Automation and Mechanical Engineering, K. Chan and J. Yeh, Eds., Phuket, Thailand, July 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. H. Chen, H. D. Lian, and X. W. Yang, “Dynamic response analysis for structures with interval parameters,” Structural Engineering and Mechanics, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 299–312, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Marques, M. Beer, A. Gomes, and A. Heriques, “Limit state imprecise interval analysis in geotechnical engineering,” in Geotechnical Safety and Risk V, T. Schweckendiek, A. F. D. Pereboom, M. Th. van Staveren, and P. M. C. B. M. Cools, Eds., pp. 193–204, IOS Press, 2015.
View at: Google Scholar
D. N. Mohsenizadeh, V. A. Oliveira, L. Keel, and S. P. Bhattacharyya, “Extremal results for algebraic linear interval systems,” in Optimization and its applications in control and data sciences, B. Goldengorin, Ed., vol. 115, pp. 341–351, Springer, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | MathSciNet
E. D. Popova, “Multiplication distributivity of proper and improper intervals,” Reliable Computing. An International Journal Devoted to Reliable Mathematical Computations Based on Finite Representations and Guaranteed Accuracy, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 129–140, 2001.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | MathSciNet
R. E. Moore, R. B. Kearfott, and M. J. Cloud, Introduction to Interval Analysis, SIAM, Philadelphia, Pa, USA, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | MathSciNet
P. Karunakar and S. Chakraverty, “Solving fully interval linear systems of equations using tolerable solution criteria,” Soft Computing, vol. 22, no. 14, pp. 4811–4818, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. P. Shary, “A new technique in systems analysis under interval uncertainty and ambiguity,” Reliable Computing. An International Journal Devoted to Reliable Mathematical Computations Based on Finite Representations and Guaranteed Accuracy, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 321–418, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | MathSciNet
M. Hladik, “New operator and method for solving real preconditioned interval linear equations,” SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 194–206, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | MathSciNet
M. Hladık, “Weak and strong solvability of interval linear systems of equations and inequalities,” Linear Algebra and its Applications, vol. 438, no. 11, pp. 4156–4165, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | MathSciNet
T. Nirmala, D. Datta, H. S. Kushwaha, and K. Ganesan, “Inverse interval matrix: a new approach,” Applied Mathematical Sciences, vol. 5, no. 13-16, pp. 607–624, 2011.
View at: Google Scholar | MathSciNet
J. Zhen and D. den Hertog, “Centered solutions for uncertain linear equations,” Computational Management Science, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 585–610, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | MathSciNet
E. D. Popova, “Outer bounds for the parametric controllable solution set with linear shape,” in Proceedings of the International Symposium on Scientific Computing, Computer Arithmetic, and Validated Numerics, pp. 138–147, Springer, 2015.
View at: Google Scholar
T. Nirmala, D. Datta, H. S. Kushwaha, and K. Ganesan, “On the solution of system of interval linear equations,” International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 15777–15797, 2015.
View at: Google Scholar
T. Nirmala and K. Ganesan, “Modified Crout's method for an LU decomposition of an interval matrix,” Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 1000, pp. 1–11, 2018.
View at: Google Scholar
J. Rohn, “Inverse interval matrix,” SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 864–870, 1993.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | MathSciNet
S. Markov, “On directed interval arithmetic and its applications,” J.UCS. The Journal of Universal Computer Science, vol. 1, no. 7, pp. 514–526, 1995.
View at: Google Scholar | MathSciNet
E. Kaucher, “Interval analysis in the extended interval space IR,” in Fundamentals of Numerical Computation (Computer-Oriented Numerical Analysis), G. Alefeld and R. Grigorieff, Eds., pp. 33–49, Springer, Vienna, Austria, 1980.
View at: Google Scholar
E. Siahlooei and S. A. Shahzadeh Fazeli, “An Application of Interval Arithmetic for Solving Fully Fuzzy Linear Systems with Trapezoidal Fuzzy Numbers,” Advances in Fuzzy Systems—Applications and Theory, vol. 2018, Article ID 2104343, 10 pages, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. P. Shary, “Algebraic approach to the interval linear static identification, tolerance, and control problems, or one more application of Kaucher arithmetic,” Reliable Computing. Nadezhnye Vychisleniya, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 3–33, 1996.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | MathSciNet
M. R. Hestenes and E. Stiefel, “Methods of conjugate gradients for solving linear systems,” Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards, vol. 49, pp. 409–436 (1953), 1952.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | MathSciNet
G. Allaire and S. M. Kaber, Numerical Linear Algebra, Springer, New York, NY, USA, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | MathSciNet
D. G. Luenberger and Y. Ye, Linear and Nonlinear Programming, vol. 228, Springer, Berlin, Germany, 1984.
View at: Publisher Site | MathSciNet
J. Shewchuk and J. R. Shewchuk, An introduction to the conjugate gradient method without the agonizing pain, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Penn, USA, 1994.
S. Ning and R. B. Kearfott, “A comparison of some methods for solving linear interval equations,” SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 1289–1305, 1997.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | MathSciNet
M. Soylemez and N. Munro, “Robust pole assignment in uncertain systems,” in Proceedings of the IEEE Proceedings-Control Theory and Applications, vol. 144, pp. 217–224, 1997.
View at: Google Scholar
G. Levitin, L. Xing, and Y. Dai, “Optimal completed work dependent loading of components in cold standby systems,” International Journal of General Systems, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 471–484, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | MathSciNet
A. Soroudi and T. Amraee, “Decision making under uncertainty in energy systems: state of the Art,” Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 28, pp. 376–384, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. Xia, D. Yu, and J. Liu, “Interval and subinterval perturbation methods for a structural-acoustic system with interval parameters,” Journal of Fluids and Structures, vol. 38, pp. 146–163, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2018 Esmaeil Siahlooei and Seyed Abolfazl Shahzadeh Fazeli. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

4763

Downloads

2102

Citations