Experimental and Theoretical Studies on the Structure and Photoluminescent Properties of New Mononuclear and Homodinuclear Europium(III) <i>β</i>-Diketonate Complexes

Martins, João P.; Martín-Ramos, Pablo; Chamorro-Posada, Pedro; Pereira Silva, Pedro S.; Martín-Gil, Jesús; Hernández-Navarro, Salvador; Ramos Silva, Manuela

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/205047

Advances in Condensed Matter Physics

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Abstract Introduction Experimental Results and Discussion Conclusions Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2015 | Article ID 205047 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/205047

Experimental and Theoretical Studies on the Structure and Photoluminescent Properties of New Mononuclear and Homodinuclear Europium(III) β-Diketonate Complexes

João P. Martins,¹Pablo Martín-Ramos,^1,2Pedro Chamorro-Posada,³Pedro S. Pereira Silva,¹Jesús Martín-Gil,⁴Salvador Hernández-Navarro,⁴and Manuela Ramos Silva¹

Academic Editor: Jörg Fink

Received19 Apr 2015

Accepted10 Jun 2015

Published27 Jul 2015

Abstract

Two novel europium(III) complexes, a monomer and a homodimer, with 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4,4-trifluoro-1,3-butanedione (Hcbtfa) and 5-chloro-1,10-phenanthroline (cphen) ligands, formulated as [Eu(cbtfa)₃(cphen)] and [Eu₂(cbtfa)₄(cphen)₂(CH₃O)₂], have been synthesized. Their structures have been elucidated by X-ray diffraction and their absorption and emission properties have been studied in the solid state. The experimental data has then been used to test the recently released LUMPAC software, a promising tool which can facilitate the design of more efficient lanthanide light-conversion molecular devices by combining ground state geometry, excited state energy, and luminescent properties calculations.

1. Introduction

The development of strategies for the design of highly luminescent lanthanide coordination complexes is of crucial importance with a view to a wide range of technological applications, which encompass, for example, organic-light emitting diodes (OLEDs), luminescent probes in biomedical assays, time resolved microscopy, luminescent sensors for chemical species, or coatings for photovoltaics [1, 2]. Such strategies, aimed at optimizing the quantum yields and other relevant properties, ultimately depend on gaining a better insight on the correlation of those properties with structural data, and the combination of experimental and theoretical characterization resources is deemed as a very promising approach.

In the particular case of Eu(III)-based light-conversion molecular devices (LCMDs), the application of theoretical chemistry methods to analyse the changes in structural parameters, bond energies, and other properties of the lanthanide complexes as a function of ligand types—in order to boost their luminescence quantum yield—has been a recurrent theme in the literature, from the pioneering work of de Sá et al. back to 2000 [3] to the work of Freire et al. [4–6] or to the more recent and comprehensive approaches of, for example, Lima et al. [7].

Amongst the different theoretical models available, the semiempirical Sparkle [6] model is particularly attractive for the determination of ground state geometries, since it can attain a similar accuracy to that achieved by ab initio/ECP full geometry optimization calculations with significantly lower CPU times [8–10]. However, the prediction of luminescent properties (such as singlet and triplet energy states, intensity parameters, energy transfer and back-transfer rates, radiative and nonradiative rates, and quantum efficiencies or quantum yields) from the optimized ground state geometries could be regarded as an unresolved matter due to the lack of convenient software tools. This situation has recently changed due to release of the free and user-friendly LUMPAC software [11], which covers these calculations in its third module.

Encouraged by the first results published by the group who developed the software [12, 13], we have hereby assessed LUMPAC for the theoretical study of two closely related Eu³⁺ complexes, a monomer and a homodinuclear complex, in which the Eu³⁺ ion(s) is(are) coordinated by the same β-diketonate (Hcbtfa) and the same diimide (cphen). The chosen β-diketonate, Hcbtfa, is a more halogenated variant of 4,4,4-trifluoro-1-phenyl-1,3-butanedione (btfa), which has been deemed as one of the best possible choices in terms of maximizing the Eu³⁺ luminescence quantum yield [7]. In fact, an analogous monomeric complex with Hcbtfa and bathophenanthroline, [Eu(cbtfa)₃(bath)] [14], recently attained a quantum efficiency of ca. 60% and was successfully tested as chromophore for cost-effective OLEDs.

In this study, the synthesis, X-ray structure, and luminescent properties of the aforementioned two novel Eu³⁺-based materials are reported, and this data has then been used as a reference in order to evaluate the suitability of the semiempirical calculation methods for predicting the equilibrium energy configuration, the electronic properties (resorting to INDO/S-CIS method), and the luminescent properties of the complexes, making use of the different modules of LUMPAC software.

2. Experimental and Computational Methods

2.1. Materials and Synthesis

All reagents and solvents employed were commercially available and used without further purification. All the procedures for complex preparation were carried out under nitrogen and using dry reagents to avoid the presence of water and oxygen so as to avoid metal photoluminescence (PL) quenching issues.

Tris(1,4-chlorophenyl-4,4,4-trifluoro-1,3-butanedionate) mono(5-chloro-1,10-phenanthroline) europium(III), complex 1 (Figure 1(a)), was obtained as follows: under stirring, Eu(NO₃)₃·5H₂O (1 mmol, 99.9% purum, CAS number 63026-01-7, Sigma Aldrich) was mixed with 1,4-chlorophenyl-4,4,4-trifluoro-1,3-butanedione (3 mmol, 97% purum, CAS number 18931-60-7, Sigma Aldrich) in methanol (20 mL), and a potassium methylate solution (3 mmol, 95% purum, CAS number 865-33-8, Sigma Aldrich) in methanol was added to neutralize the mixture. KNO₃ was removed by decanting, and 5-chloro-1,10-phenanthroline (1 mmol, 98% purum, CAS number 4199-89-7, Sigma Aldrich) was finally added. The mixture was heated to 75°C and stirred overnight, then washed with 1,4-dioxane, and finally dried in vacuum to give the product in 90–95% yield (based on Eu). Crystals suitable for X-ray analysis were obtained by slow evaporation of a methanol-dioxane solution at room temperature (RT).

(a)

(b)

Tetra(1,4-chlorophenyl-4,4,4-trifluoro-1,3-butanedionate) di(5-chloro-1,10-phenanthroline) di--methanolate dieuropium(III), complex 2 (Figure 1(b)), was obtained as a byproduct of aforementioned synthesis procedure.

2.2. X-Ray Crystallographic Analysis

For the determination of the two crystal structures presented in this paper, single crystals were glued to glass fibres and mounted on a Bruker APEX II diffractometer. In both cases, diffraction data was collected at room temperature 293(2) K using graphite monochromated MoKa ( Å) radiation. Absorption corrections were made using SADABS [18]. The structures were solved by direct methods using SHELXS-97 and refined anisotropically (non-H atoms) by full-matrix least-squares on using the SHELXL-97 program [19]. PLATON [20] was used for analyzing the structure and for figure plotting. All the tested crystals of complex 1 were found to be ill-formed and unstable during the few hours of the data collections. To be able to refine a sensible molecular model the whole arsenal of SHELXL restraints had to be used (ISOR, DFIX, FLAT, and SIMU). The final model is just an approximate model good enough to be used as a starting point for the semiempirical methods. Atomic coordinates, thermal parameters, and bond lengths and angles have been deposited at the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre (CCDC). Any request to the CCDC for this material should quote the full literature citation and the reference numbers CCDC 1057047-1057048.

2.3. Spectroscopic Measurements

Optical absorption and photoluminescence spectra of the materials were measured at room temperature. The 285–800 nm range absorption spectra were recorded with a Cary 4000 Varian spectrophotometer in powder form. Photoluminescence spectra of the materials—in powder—were obtained at room temperature using a modular spectrophotometer Horiba-Jobin-Yvon SPEX Fluorolog 3. All spectra have been corrected by the spectral response of the experimental setups.

2.4. Computational Methods

Using the experimental crystallographic data as an initial guess, the ground state geometries were obtained using the Sparkle/PM6 [21, 22] and Sparkle/PM7 [23, 24] models implemented in the MOPAC2012 software [25, 26] using periodic boundary conditions. One unit cell for each of the complexes was employed in the calculations by setting the keyword MERS = . Geometry optimizations were performed for isolated complexes as well. Additionally, the corresponding vibrational frequencies were computed for the PM6 optimized geometries for the two complexes in the gas phase. No imaginary vibrational frequencies were found for any of the geometries, confirming that the results obtained corresponded to true ground states. These computations were performed on a Debian Linux server with four AMD Opteron 16 Core processors and 128 GB of memory and a Linux operating system.

The electronic spectra for each of the optimized structures were calculated using the ORCA electronic structure package [27, 28] via the intermediate neglect of differential overlap/spectroscopic (INDO/S) method and configuration interaction with singles (CIS) [29–31] replacing the Eu³⁺ ions with point charges as described by de Andrade et al. [32, 33]. Version 3.0.1 was used for calculations, invoked using LUMPAC 1.0 distribution.

The geometry optimization and the analysis of electronic transitions using the INDO/S-CIS method are integrated in a user-friendly manner in the first and second modules, respectively, of LUMPAC software ecosystem. The third module is a unique feature of LUMPAC and permits calculating the Judd-Ofelt intensity parameters [34] and the estimation of metal-ligand energy transfer and back-transfer rates [35], the radiative and nonradiative emission rates, theoretical quantum efficiency, and emission quantum yield [36]. Calculations within LUMPAC modules were performed using a Windows 8 Toshiba Satellite Core i5 laptop computer.

The theoretical Judd-Ofelt parameters are determined by adjusting the charge factors and polarizabilities to reproduce the experimental values. In this calculation, it is required to provide the coordination polyhedron of the system as input. For the highly symmetric binuclear complex, the analyses have been performed by independently treating the two europium ions with their corresponding coordination polyhedra as in the individual polyhedron method reported by Dutra et al. [13].

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Structural Description

In the mononuclear complex, complex 1, the Eu³⁺ ions are coordinated by three negatively charged β-diketonate ligands and a neutral ancillary N,N-donor moiety (Figure 2, Table 1). There are two symmetry independent complexes in the unit cell. The coordination spheres of these monomers consist in a square antiprismatic geometry. Table 2 summarizes the Eu-N and Eu-O distances for both complexes in the unit cell, affected by large experimental uncertainties. Nevertheless, all of them are within the normal ranges reported in the literature [17, 37]. Both monomers show heavy disorder, particularly evident for the CF₃ groups of the cbtfa ligands and for the Cl substitute of the phenanthroline. The structure contains large solvent accessible voids.

Complex 2 (Figure 3, Table 1) corresponds to a dimeric variation of complex 1, in which the Eu³⁺ ions are bridged by two methanolate ions. Each Eu³⁺ ion is coordinated by two negatively charged β-diketonate (cbtfa) ligands, a neutral diimide ligand (cphen), and the two bridging methanolate ions. Complex 2 crystallizes in a triclinic centrosymmetric cell with the center of symmetry lying in the middle point of the dimer. There is one dimer per unit cell.

Coordination distances are within the normal ranges reported in the literature [14, 17, 37], and the same applies to the bite angles, with values close to 70° for the O…Eu…O angles and of ca. 60° for the N…Eu…N angle. The coordination sphere corresponds to a square antiprism. The Eu³⁺ ions are at a distance of 3.742 Å within the dimer.

No conventional H-bonds were found joining the dimers. The packing seems to be influenced by interactions (Figure 4). Neighboring phenanthroline rings are at 4.143 Å distances (centroid-to-centroid) with a slippage of 2.089 Å.

The low crystallinity of the bulk synthesized material, in which the single crystals of complexes 1 and 2 were mixed with more amorphous material, prevented a reliable determination of the proportions of complex 1 and complex 2 by means of X-ray powder diffraction.

3.2. Modeling of the Structures by Semiempirical Methods

A comparison of the unit cell parameters obtained for the PM6 and PM7 predicted structures (e.g., Figure 5) versus those of the SC-XRD data is summarized in Table 3. The percent errors are below 5% in all cases (generally below 2%). They are similar for both Hamiltonians in the case of complex 1, while the estimation with PM7 is slightly better in the case of complex 2 for all parameters except for the value (which in turn leads to an incorrect volume estimation).

The Eu-N and Eu-O distances and some selected angles in the ground state geometries of the monomer and the dimer (using either the PM6 or the PM7 Hamiltonian with periodic boundary conditions) are compared with those of the actual structures obtained from SC-XRD data in Table 4. The distance values obtained using the PM7 Hamiltonian are remarkably closer to the experimental average values than those attained with the PM6 Hamiltonian in all cases. This is particularly obvious for the Eu-O distances in the dimer: while in the PM6 case they are very similar in all cases (with a significant error for the bridging methanol bonds), PM7 Hamiltonian gives a much more accurate estimation and distinguishes between the bonds associated with cbtfa ligands and those corresponding to bridging methanol molecules. Regarding the angle values, the percent errors are significantly higher than those for the bond lengths, but PM7 errors are consistently lower than those for PM6.

This is in agreement with the observations made by Dutra et al. [24]: a significant increase in accuracy has been achieved in PM7 after relatively minor changes were made to the approximations and after proxy reference data functions representing noncovalent interactions were introduced, leading to a reduction of errors in PM7 geometries by over one-third relative to those of PM6. On the other hand, PM7 method can show worse convergence properties when compared with PM6, as it was reported in [10].

3.3. Luminescent Properties

The experimental excitation spectrum for the mixture of the monomer and the dimer is depicted in Figure 6(a). It exhibits a maximum at 355 nm, which can be assigned to the electronic transitions from the ground state level (π) to the excited level () of the cbtfa organic ligand [14, 15, 39–41], according to Figure 7. The predicted absorption spectra for the gas phase geometries optimized with the Sparkle/PM6 method calculated using the INDO/S-CIS procedure are also shown. Gabedit software [42] has been used for the representation of the spectra from the calculated data. As expected, there is a hypsochromic shift for the lowest predicted transition (versus the experimental one), as it is usually the case in this type of calculations [3].

(a)

(b)

Upon excitation of the organic ligands in the UV region, efficient indirect excitation of Eu³⁺ is attained, via antenna effect [43]. Figure 6(b) shows the experimental photoluminescence spectrum, in which the characteristic narrow emission bands of Eu³⁺ corresponding to the intraconfigurational ⁵D₀⁷F_J () transitions appear. The five expected peaks for the ⁵D₀⁷F_0–4 transitions (namely, ⁵D₀⁷F₀ (~580 nm), ⁵D₀→⁷F₁ (~591 nm), ⁵D₀⁷F₂ (~614 nm), ⁵D₀⁷F₃ (~651 nm), and ⁵D₀⁷F₄ (~692 nm)) [44] can be identified (see Figure 7).

The emission bands at ca. 580 and 651 nm are weak since their corresponding transitions ⁵D₀⁷F_0,3 are forbidden both in magnetic and electric dipole schemes [47]. The intensity of the emission band at 593 nm is stronger and independent of the coordination environment because the corresponding transition ⁵D₀⁷F₁ is of magnetic character. In contrast, the ⁵D₀⁷F₂ transition is an induced electric dipole transition and its corresponding intense emission at 613 nm is very sensitive to the coordination environment [47]. This very intense ⁵D₀⁷F₂ peak, responsible for the brilliant red emission of the complex, indicates that the ligand field surrounding the Eu³⁺ ion is highly polarizable.

With regard to the monochromaticity (), that is, the intensity ratio of the electric dipole transition to the magnetic dipole transition (red/orange ratio), the obtained value is 17.2. This indicates that the CIE chromaticity coordinates for the complex should be very close to saturated red emission [48] and that the Eu³⁺ coordination is consistent with a local site without inversion [49–51].

The lifetime measurements for the mixture of the monomer and the dimer (not shown) do not correspond to a monoexponential decay curve, which is consistent with the presence of two slightly different coordination environments for the Eu³⁺ ion in complex 1 and complex 2. The estimated average value would be close to 700 μs, in the same range as the lifetimes reported for similar complexes with cbtfa and btfa ligands: 754 μs for [Eu(cbtfa)₃(bath)] [14], 670 μs for [Er(btfa)₃(phen)] [15, 52], and 750 μs [Eu(btfac)₃(dmbipy)] [53].

3.4. Theoretical Modeling of the Luminescent Properties with LUMPAC

By using LUMPAC lanthanide luminescence software package [11–13], singlet and triplet excited state energies for the lanthanide containing systems were obtained from INDO/S-CIS ORCA [27] calculations. From the experimental emission spectrum and estimated lifetime value, Judd-Ofelt intensity parameters, radiative and nonradiative emission rates, and quantum efficiencies were also calculated. The isolated complex ground state geometries have been used in the calculations. As discussed above, the two Eu³⁺ ions in complex 2 have been treated individually and are described as Eu1 and Eu1a in Table 5.

The estimated singlet (36827.40 cm⁻¹ for the monomer and 36945.60 cm⁻¹ for the dimer) is higher than that of the cbtfa ligand (30675 cm⁻¹ [16]) but would be a reasonable estimation of the singlet of 5-chloro-1,10-phenanthroline (37453 cm⁻¹ [46]). Figure 8(a) shows the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of complex 1 plotted using Gabedit software [42] with the data from MOPAC calculations and Figures 8(b) and 8(c) depict the two lowest (almost degenerate) unoccupied molecular orbitals of complex 2, corroborating that, in all cases, they correspond to cphen diimide.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Regarding the triplet position (estimated in 20040.60 cm⁻¹ for complex 1 and in 20172.50 cm⁻¹ for complex 2), it is close to that of cphen ( cm⁻¹ [46]) and to that of the cbtfa ligand (20276 cm⁻¹ [16] or 21.277 cm⁻¹ [45]), so it is not possible to discern whether it corresponds to the β-diketonate and to the N,N-donor or if both would play a role in the energy transfer to the Eu³⁺ ion (the most usual situation). For Eu³⁺ complexes with dithiocarbamate and different N,N-donors (including cphen), Regulacio et al. [46] suggested that the intramolecular energy transfer to the emissive states of the lanthanide was predominantly from the triplet state of the bidentate aromatic amine and that there may be intramolecular energy migration from the dithiocarbamate to the bidentate aromatic ligand.

In relation to the Judd-Ofelt intensity parameters, (, 4, and 6), they are summarized in Table 5. It is worth noting that, for the most similar complex (i.e., [Eu(btfa)₃(phenNO)]), the estimated value is pretty close, and so are the radiative and nonradiative decay rates, so the software provides a good estimation. For other Eu³⁺ complexes with different fluorinated β-diketonates, the differences in the estimated values are, as expected, more evident.

4. Conclusions

Taking a β-diketone which is known to optimize the quantum yield of Eu³⁺ complexes, 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4,4-trifluoro-1,3-butanedione (Hcbtfa), and neutral diimide, 5-chloro-1,10-phenanthroline (cphen), as coordinating ligands, two octacoordinated complexes were synthesized: a monomer, formulated as [Eu(cbtfa)₃(cphen)], and a dimer, [Eu₂(cbtfa)₄(cphen)₂(CH₃O)₂]. The experimental characterization data (X-ray structural elucidation, UV-Vis absorption, and PL emission) for a mixture of these two complexes was subsequently used so as to assess a recently released quantum chemistry software: LUMPAC.

The predicted equilibrium energy configurations calculated by semiempirical methods (Sparkle/PM6 and Sparkle/PM7 Hamiltonians) showed percent errors below 5% in all cases (and generally below 2%) for the unit cell parameters (versus X-ray structures), thus providing a good estimation. The same applied to the distances and angles for the first coordination sphere (although in this case Sparkle/PM7 Hamiltonian attained a significantly better accuracy than PM6).

In relation to LUMPAC’s second module, the estimations of the singlet and triplet obtained by INDO/S-CIS method were remarkably good, and the calculated UV-Vis absorption spectra could be regarded as an acceptable approximation for practical purposes.

Regarding the third module, the Judd-Ofelt intensity parameters, radiative and nonradiative emission rates, and quantum efficiencies appeared to be in good agreement with those of similar complexes reported in the literature, although further research needs to be conducted to confirm these preliminary findings.

All considered, LUMPAC software can be deemed as a very promising tool for the design of novel Ln(III) complexes, given its computational efficiency and ease of use, in addition to being free of charge.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

Pablo Martín-Ramos would like to gratefully acknowledge the financial support of Santander Universidades through “Becas Iberoamérica Jóvenes Profesores e Investigadores, España 2015” scholarship program. The authors also wish to thank Professor I. R. Martín and Professor V. Lavín (Universidad de La Laguna) for their insightful discussions.

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Copyright © 2015 João P. Martins et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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