Effective Generation of Milliwatt-Level Sub-Terahertz Wave for Nonlinear Response Measurement of Two-Dimensional Material by Optical Heterodyne Technique

Chen, Shuqing; Xie, Zhiqiang; Liu, Junmin; He, Yanliang; Cai, Yao; Zhang, Xiaoke; Xiao, Jiangnan; Li, Ying; Fan, Dianyuan

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/1704374

Advances in Condensed Matter Physics

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Two-Dimensional Materials Based Optoelectronics

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Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2017 | Article ID 1704374 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/1704374

Effective Generation of Milliwatt-Level Sub-Terahertz Wave for Nonlinear Response Measurement of Two-Dimensional Material by Optical Heterodyne Technique

Shuqing Chen,¹Zhiqiang Xie,¹Junmin Liu,¹Yanliang He,¹Yao Cai,¹Xiaoke Zhang,¹Jiangnan Xiao,²Ying Li,¹and Dianyuan Fan¹

Academic Editor: Jan A. Jung

Received19 Feb 2017

Revised05 May 2017

Accepted24 Aug 2017

Published22 Oct 2017

Abstract

By using optical heterodyne technique, we demonstrated the stable emission of sub-terahertz wave with the frequency ranging from 88 GHz to 101 GHz, which can operate as microwave source for nonlinear response measurement system. Mutual frequency beating of two well-separated sideband signals at a 0.1 THz photo-detector (PD) allows for the generation of sub-terahertz signal. Based on this approach, we have achieved the radiation of 0.1 THz wave with power up to 4 mW. By transmittance measurement, two-dimensional nanomaterial topological insulator (TI: Bi₂Te₃) shows saturable absorption behaviors with normalized modulation depth of 47% at 0.1 THz. Our results show that optical heterodyne technique could be developed as an effective microwave source generation for nonlinear measurement at sub-terahertz, even terahertz band.

1. Introduction

Sub-terahertz (sub-THz) and/or terahertz (THz) wave, usually defined in the range of 0.1–10 THz, has been extensively researched owing to its importance for high-frequency wireless communications, radar systems, high resolution imaging applications, and nonlinear measurement systems [1–7]. Especially for areas of measurement domain, the nonlinear characteristic of materials at sub-terahertz band is an influential perspective but was neglected for a long time. As the discovery of graphene, the first two-dimensional Dirac material, its unique band structure gives it ultra-broadband nonlinear response, which shows great prospect in various microwave and optical devices [8, 9]. To fully explore the nonlinear characteristic of these graphene-like materials and the effects of band structure, the sub-terahertz band which overlapped the microwave and terahertz has stimulated more and more researchers. However, how to investigate the nonlinear response at such high frequency, the high quality and effective microwave source is a real challenge. And for nonlinear excitations, the higher microwave power is particularly important.

It is always highly encouraged to search for a robust method to generate sub-THz/THz wave with advantages of low phase noise, high power, and cost-effective. However, electrical signal generation of high-frequency microwave signals beyond 60 GHz is difficult to be obtained owing to the bandwidth limitations of electronic devices [10, 11]. To fulfill this expectation, photonic generation is considered as a promising technique [12–18]. As an alternative, optical generation, such as optical mode locking [19, 20], optical injection locking [21, 22], and external modulation [23–26], has been widely employed to generate THz wave. In particular, external modulation can provide excellent performance of stability and reliability. But, all those methods involve with very complicated structures and required extra photoelectric devices. By comparison, optical heterodyne technique is regarded as one of the most promising methods for photonics generation of sub-THz/THz wave owing to its broad bandwidth, large tunability, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness [27–30]. On the other hand, dual-wavelength single-longitude-mode fiber ring laser is also demonstrated to generate high-frequency microwave [31, 32], but the output performance is not very stable and a complex dual-wavelength fiber ring laser needs to be designed. And difference frequency mixing of two collinearly propagating optical beams inside electro-optic crystals can be used to generate THz signals [33]. However, all-fiber format is lost and its application in miniaturization and integration is limited. By using the optical heterodyne technique, Tang et al. have realized the 100 GHz microwave generation and 2 m wireless transmission [34]. But, it is also necessary to further study the performance of the generated sub-terahertz, especially the radiation power, and stability shows importance in terahertz measurement, and its practical application in radio-over-fiber technique also should be paid more attention.

In this paper, we experimentally demonstrated an effective approach for sub-THz/THz wave generation by optical heterodyne technique. Two distributed feedback (DFB) lasers were employed to generate optical microwave signal, with frequency ranging from 88 GHz to 101 GHz. The output power directly radiated towards free space reached up to 4 mW. And it was found experimentally that fiber dispersion contributed much less effect to the radiation power. Based on this sub-terahertz source, the transmittance experiment system was constructed and used to study the nonlinear absorption characteristic of two-dimensional Dirac material (TI: Bi₂Te₃ nanoplatelets, TI NPs). The experiment results reveal the saturable absorption behaviors of the TI: Bi₂Te₃, with normalized modulation depth of 47% and saturable intensity of 32 μW/cm². To further evaluate the quality, the microwave source integrated radio-over-fiber (ROF) communication system was under our investigation. In the communication system, we realized 6 Gb/s OOK signal transmission over 5 m wireless link. This illustrated a central point that the generated microwave source has a better performance of quality and stability, which is very critical for the measurement system. These results showed that the generated sub-THz has sufficiently high power and excellent beam quality that may fit for nonlinear response measurement and wireless communication.

2. Experiment and Results

2.1. High Power 0.1 THz Sub-Terahertz Wave Generation

The principle of mm-wave generating and phase controlling is shown in Figure 1. The CW light wave, modulated RF signal through a Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM), is used to generate optical sidebands for optical mm-wave carrier generating. Through an optical comb filter, two second-order optical sidebands are separated out, and the phase information is loaded to one of them by phase modulator. And then, the sideband carried with phase information is recombined with the optical mm-wave to realize the phase controlling of mm-wave. A photodetector (PD) is employed to detect the optical signal realizing mm-wave signal conversion [31].

The experimental setup of 0.1 THz wave generation is illustrated in Figure 1. Two individual continuous light beams came from the DFBs with wavelength fixed at 1546.082 nm and 1546.858 nm, respectively. Then, they were recombined and directed into a 50/50 optical coupler (OC), from which dual-wavelength lasing spectrum had been measured as shown in the insert of Figure 1. In the following, an optical attenuator was used to adjust the input optical power before the PD, which can convert the optical signals to the sub-THz microwave signal through the mutual frequency beating effect. The generated 0.1 THz wave was further amplified by a high-frequency electrical amplifier and radiated to free space by a horn antenna (gain: 25 dBi). Before detecting the 0.1 THz wave by the absolute THz power meter, a chopper was employed to modulate it with a fixed frequency of 30 MHz.

The stability of the generated sub-THz wave has been studied. At an input optical power of 3.6 mW, the radiated power of sub-THz wave was measured to be about 3.2 mW. By repeatedly monitoring the radiation power, we note that the power was almost kept constant over 10 minutes at room temperature, as shown in Figure 2, indicating the high stability of the radiation output. If one input wavelength was fixed at 1546.858 nm, sub-THz radiation at different frequencies can be produced as the other wavelength continuously changed. Experimentally, the output frequencies of the wave can be tuned from 88 GHz to 101 GHz, while the input optical power was kept at 3.6 mW. Owing to the bandwidth limitation of the amplifier, we note that the operating frequency has a dynamic range and the optimal operating frequency located from 96 GHz to 98 GHz, as shown in Figure 3(a). Particularly, the microwave power decreased dramatically for the frequency beyond 99 GHz, as the input optical power holding constant.

(a)

(b)

Figure 3(b) demonstrates the relationship of input optical power and radiation microwave power at different situations. Under the weak power regime, the output power almost synchronously increased with the increase of the input power. However, once the input power exceeds 6 mW, the output power becomes saturated. In order to study the role of the fiber dispersion on the microwave generation, transmission experiments through back to back (BTB), 10 km DSF, 10 km single mode fiber (SMF), and 20 km SMF were under investigation. However, as noted in Figure 3(b), there is no significant difference, indicating that the real impact of fiber dispersion is limited.

2.2. Nonlinear Response Measurement of TI at Sub-Terahertz Band

A quality and stable microwave source is essential for nonlinear response measurement of variety nonlinear media, especially for sub-terahertz which overlapped the microwave and terahertz band. The microwave generated by optical heterodyne technique has many great assets in nonlinear response measurement, such as broadband tenability of wavelength and high output power. To verify its application in nonlinear response measurement, we constructed the measurement system like that in [8, 26] to investigate the nonlinear absorption property of the TI (TI: Bi₂Te₃ NPs transferred onto the square quartz glass) [26].

Here, the diethylene glycol (DEG) mediated polyol method was introduced into the composite few-layer TI: Bi₂Te₃ NPs [35]. The physical photo of TI: Bi₂Te₃ ethanol solution is shown in Figure 4(a). Figure 4(b) shows the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images; it can be clearly seen that TI exhibits symmetric hexagonal morphology, which indicates relative high stability [26]. Atomic force microscope (AFM) images are shown in Figure 4(c), it further corroborated the symmetric hexagonal morphology of prepared TI NPs, and the sample thickness is measured to be an average of 55 nm.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

The experimental setup shows in Figure 5(a) that, with the attenuator adjusting, the microwave power can be changed from 20 to 4 . The chopper has the aperture diameter of 15 mm, which shows that the maximum output intensity can reach 2.27 mW/cm². This is a sufficient approach for most measurement. The corresponding transmittance curve at this sub-terahertz band is shown in Figure 5(b); as can be seen from the diagram, the transmittance goes to a steady value with the input intensity increasing from 20 to 160 μW/cm². After fitting with formula, , where is the transmission, is the modulation depth, is the input intensity, is the saturation power intensity, and is the nonsaturable absorbance, we obtained the corresponding saturable absorption parameters [36]. The modulation depth and saturation intensity of TI are 47% and 32 μW/cm², respectively. The results coincide with the results reported in [26], which indicated that the sub-terahertz result from this approach is of high quality and appropriate for nonlinear response measurement.

(a)

(b)

As schematically shown in Figure 6(a), the structure of TI: Bi₂Te₃ can be considered as layers made up of 5 atom thick Te-Bi-Te-Bi-Te covalently bound sheets coupled together by much weaker van der Waals forces [35]. And its band structure is shown in Figure 6(b); like graphene, they are all direct-band-gap material, which is conductive to exciting electronic transitions. Except for the difference that TI: Bi₂Te₃ has insulating bulk state, it also possesses the gapless metallic surface state like graphene. This raises an interesting issue about what role did the insulating bulk state and metallic surface state play in the nonlinear response. As the TI: Bi₂Te₃ was on exposure to light or microwave, the electrons in the valence band can be excited to conduction band and occupied the lowest energy states following the Pauli exclusion principle. With the incident intensity increasing, the generated carriers fill the valence bands and prevent the further excitation of electrons at valance band leading to saturated. However, the insulating band-gap value is about 0.15 eV (at the bulk state of TI: Bi₂Te₃), indicating that the single photon energy less than 0.15 eV is difficult to excite the electron leaps into conduction band at the bulk state. This saturable absorption process at sub-terahertz band confirmed that the surface metallic state is responsible for the saturable absorption at microwave band, where the single photon energy is far below 0.15 eV. All this suggests that the microwave/terahertz band with low photo energy may has important significance in more detailed study of the linear/nonlinear response of material. And the effective microwave source is a guarantee of the linear/nonlinear measurement.

(a)

(b)

2.3. Radio-over-Fiber Communication System with 0.1 THz Sub-Terahertz Wave

To further evaluate the quality of the generated sub-terahertz wave, it was used to carry digital signal. Figure 7 shows the experimental setup of 0.1 THz radio-over-fiber system with 5 m delivery. The continuous-wave (CW) at 1546.082 nm and 1546.858 nm with ~6 dBm output power emitted from DFBs functions as the optical source, with the corresponding optical spectrum shown in Figures 8(b) and 8(c), respectively. This suggests that the frequency spacing between DFB1 and DFB2 is 97 GHz. And the CW light wave at 1546.082 nm from DFB1 was modulated by intensity modulator (IM). The 2 Gb/s downlink baseband signals with a pseudorandom binary sequence (PRBS) length of 231-1 were used to drive the IM. Together with the output of DFB2, both of them acted as input of the 50/50 OC, with the optical spectrum shown in Figure 8(a). After 10 km SMF-28 transmission, in order to obtain the optimal output, which requires that the input power into the PD cannot be too low, a following erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) was utilized to compensate the attenuation of the fiber. Then a 0.1 THz PD was employed to detect the optical signal and therefore allows for the conversion of the 0.1 THz signals. The signals were subsequently amplified by a low-noise electrical amplifier (EA1). And then a W-band antenna with a gain of 25 dBi was used to radiate the 0.1 THz wave with 2 Gb/s OOK signals loaded.

(a)

(b)

(c)

After 5 m wireless delivery, the data were received by another antenna with identical parameters of antenna 1 and were then amplified by EA2. Then, a power detector was used to downconvert the data into the baseband. After a broadband EA3, signals were launched into an error detector to measure the BER index.

The BER performances of the data signals under different conditions are shown in Figure 6. The insert (a) of Figure 9 is the eye diagram after only 5 m wireless transmission, while the insert (b) shows the eye diagram after 10 km SMF-28 and 5 m wireless transmission. The result shows that the presence of fiber in the system can significantly distort the eye diagram, which is caused by fiber dispersion [23]. And the power penalty was measured to be 3 dB, as shown in Figure 9.

When the data were loaded at different rates, the corresponding eye diagrams after 5 m wireless transmission were also measured. As shown in Figure 10, Figures 10(a)–10(d) are the eye diagram as data rate sets at 3, 4, 5, and 6 Gb/s, respectively. The results show that once the loading data rate was set beyond 5 Gb/s, significant distortion can occur. This is because of bandwidth limitation of the electrical amplifiers. By upgrading the amplifiers, the output power and transmission distance can be scaled up.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

3. Conclusion

In conclusion, we had experimentally demonstrated a robust method for generating 0.1 THz signal based on optical heterodyne technique, together with its application for nonlinear response measurement. The frequency of radiation microwave was confined at the range of 0.1 THz due to the limitation of electrical amplifier. Further long distance transmission experiments indicate that chromatic dispersion shows limited effect on the radiation power, and 6 Gb/s OOK signals were successfully propagated across 5 m wireless carried by the 0.1 THz wave indicating the generated sub-terahertz wave is of high quality. Under the 0.1 THz sub-terahertz wave excitation, TI shows saturable absorption behaviors which further corroborated the contribution of the metallic surface state of TI: Bi₂Te₃ in nonlinear absorption response. Our result constitutes a major step forward the development of photonic generation of high-power sub-terahertz and terahertz source, which shows tremendous potential in measurement domain.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

This work is partially supported by the program of Fundamental Research of Shenzhen Science and Technology Plan (Grants nos. JCYJ20160422152152634, JCYJ2016032814464, and JCYJ20150324141711651), the National Science Foundation of China (Grants nos. 61575127 and 61505122), the Project Supported by Guangdong Natural Science Foundation (Grant nos. 2016A030310065 and 2014A030310279), the Natural Science Foundation of SZU (Grant nos. 000059 and 2016031), Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province (2016B050501005), and the Natural Science Foundation Guangdong Education Department (Grants nos. 2015KTSCX124 and 2015KQNCX146).

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Copyright © 2017 Shuqing Chen et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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