Abstract
Using the coherent potential approximation, we investigate the effects of disorder on the optical absorption and the density of states of Frenkel exciton systems on square, rectangular, and triangular lattices with nearest-neighbor interactions and a Gaussian distribution of transition energies. The analysis is based on an elliptic integral approach that gives results over the entire spectrum. The results for the square lattice are in good agreement with the finite-array calculations of Schreiber and Toyozawa. Our findings suggest that the coherent potential approximation can be useful in interpreting the optical properties of two-dimensional systems with dominant nearest-neighbor interactions and Gaussian diagonal disorder provided the optically active states are Frenkel excitons.
1. Introduction
In a series of recent papers [1–3], we have applied the coherent potential approximation (CPA) to the calculation of the optical absorption and density of states of the Frenkel exciton model in one- and three-dimensional arrays with nearest-neighbor interactions and Gaussian disorder associated with the single-site transition energies. In the case of the one-dimensional systems we have shown that the results for the density of states are in excellent agreement with numerical calculations carried out on arrays of 107–108 sites [1]. The accuracy of the CPA for the optical absorption in one dimension [2] was tested in a comparison with data obtained from finite-array calculations by Schreiber [4]. Good agreement was obtained with the ensemble average of data from arrays of 199 sites. The CPA was applied to cubic lattices in [3]. In the case of the simple cubic lattice, good agreement was obtained with the corresponding finite-array calculations of Schreiber and Toyozawa [5, 6] for the optical absorption and the density of states. Along with the simple cubic data, corresponding CPA results were reported for the body-centered and face-centered cubic lattices.
A preliminary CPA analysis of the optical absorption and the density of states for the square lattice was reported in [7]. The approach followed was based on a large-energy expansion of Green’s function, and the calculations were limited to energies below the absorption edge of the ideal system. Like the simple cubic analysis, the results were in good agreement with findings reported in [5, 6]. In this paper, we investigate the square lattice using an approach for the calculation of Green’s function that is based on the evaluation of a complete elliptic integral of the first kind. Unlike the previous approach, we obtain results that are applicable over the entire absorption band. We also extend the theory to rectangular and triangular lattices for which there are no finite-array results to compare with.
In the CPA, the starting point in all three dimensions is lattice Green’s function, , which in turn depends on the structure of the lattice. The calculation of the optical absorption and the density of states follow once one knows CPA Green’s function which is obtained from lattice Green’s function by the replacement , where is the coherent potential. Equations relating to the calculation of and the connection of CPA Green’s function to the absorption and the density of states are given in [1–3] and will not be reproduced here.
2. Square Lattice
In analyzing the square, rectangular, and triangular systems, we take the unit of energy to be the width of the ideal (no disorder) exciton band and assume the absorption edge is at the bottom of the band. In the case of the square lattice, this leads to the exciton energyin the absence of disorder. The corresponding expression for ideal Green’s function for complex energy takes the form [8]where denotes the complete elliptic integral with modulus .
The Gaussian averaging associated with the diagonal disorder is discussed in detail in [1–3]. It depends on the variance, . Following [4–6], we carried out calculations for the square lattices with = 0.263, 0.186, 0.131, 0.093, and 0.066, where is in units of the ideal band width. Our results for the normalized optical absorption, , and the normalized density of states, , for the square lattice are shown in Figures 1 and 2, respectively. They are seen to be in good agreement with the finite-array calculations of Schreiber and Toyozawa as displayed in Figure in [5] (absorption) and Figure in [6] (density of states). This result is also consistent with [7], where a similar level of agreement was established for .
3. Rectangular Lattice
In the absence of disorder, the exciton energy for a rectangular lattice with unit band width takes the formwhere is the interaction between neighboring sites on the -axis. The corresponding expression for Green’s function for complex energy is given in the Appendix to [8]where
Since the absorption is weakly affected by changes in , we focus on results for the density of states where we take = 0.131 and = 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 (Figure 3). It is apparent that the density of states near the center of the band is strongly affected by changes in . The lower curve shows the results for , the middle curve for = 1.5, and the upper curve for = 1.0. The dip at the center of the band, which grows stronger as with increasing anisotropy, reflects the fact that, in the limits and , the system approaches an array of decoupled chains with the consequence that the optical properties and the density of states become characteristic of one-dimensional arrays [1, 2].
4. Triangular Lattice
In the absence of disorder, the exciton energy for the triangular lattice with unit band width has the form [9]with the optical absorption edge at −2/3 and the upper edge at 1/3. Analogous to the face-centered cubic lattice and unlike the square and rectangular lattices, the exciton band does not have a reflection point for the density of states. In units of the band width, the corresponding Green function for complex energy with negative real part has the formwhere
The results for the optical absorption and the density of states are shown in Figures 4 and 5, respectively. For small disorder, the absorption peaks are near the ideal (no disorder) band edge at . With increasing disorder, the absorption peak broadens and shifts to lower energy as occurs with the other lattices. In the case of the density of states, the ideal lattice has band edges at and 1/3 as well as a singularity at . The behavior of the density of states below the absorption edge is shown in greater detail in Figure 6. It is similar to the corresponding results for the square lattice shown in [6, 7].
5. Anisotropic Triangular Lattice
For the triangular lattice discussed above all nearest-neighbor interactions are the same. In [10], Horiguchi investigated an anisotropic triangular lattice in which interactions along two of the three connecting lines took on the value while the interaction on the third line was equal to 1. When the optical edge is at the bottom of the band, the exciton energy is given bywhere and when the length of the side of the triangle is 1 [10]. The lower and upper band edges and the band width (BW) are given in Table 1.
The density of states is strongly affected by the ratio of the interaction strength. Apart from the band edges, the singularities in the ideal Green function for the anisotropic triangular lattice are associated with -dependent critical points on the energy axis and corresponding peaks in the density of states [10]. In units of the band width, BW, the peaks are at ()/BW and 1/BW for . For , there is a single peak at 1/BW = 2/9. For , the peaks are also at ()/BW and 1/BW, and when there is a single peak at 1/BW. In Figure 7, we show the effects of disorder on the density of states for . In this calculation, we made use of the expression for the Green function given in [10]. In the absence of disorder, the band edges are at −4/7 and 3/7, and the peaks are at 0 and 2/7.
6. Conclusions
The results for the square lattice extend the earlier work [7] to the entire spectrum. As we mentioned previously, our findings are consistent with numerical studies of the square lattice [5, 6]. The results for the rectangular arrays are expected to be reasonably accurate since the coherent potential approximation works well in the limiting cases and , where the rectangular array reduces to decoupled chains. In the case of the triangular lattice, finite-array calculations are needed to test the accuracy of the coherent potential approximation. If this is established, one has confidence that the approximation works reasonably well for the anisotropic triangular lattice since, in the limit , the system decouples into independent chains, whereas when , each site is strongly coupled to four nearest neighbors with the consequence that the behavior approaches that of the square array.
In the field of optical spectroscopy, a two-parameter assessment of the characteristics of the absorption line is provided by the peak position () and the full width at half maximum (FWHM). In Figure 8 we show the behavior of the two parameters with the increasing for both the square and triangular lattices. It is evident that the peak positions for the two lattices approach a common value for large whereas the increase in the linewidth occurs more rapidly for the square lattice. The latter behavior may reflect the fact that the effects of the disorder in the triangular lattice may be weaker due to an averaging of the contributions from a larger number of nearest neighbors.
Our results along with earlier studies [6, 7] suggest that the coherent potential approximation can be useful in interpreting the optical properties of two-dimensional systems with dominant nearest-neighbor interactions and Gaussian diagonal disorder provided the optically active states are Frenkel excitons. The findings reported in this paper are applicable to optically active monolayers. In addition, there are quasi-two-dimensional magnetic exciton systems where the nearest-neighbor approximation is appropriate.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.