Optical and Electrical Properties of TiO<sub>2</sub>/Co/TiO<sub>2</sub> Multilayer Films Grown by DC Magnetron Sputtering

Valluzzi, Marcos G.; Valluzzi, Lucas G.; Meyer, Marcos; Hernández-Fenollosa, María A.; Damonte, Laura C.

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1257543

Advances in Condensed Matter Physics

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Abstract Introduction Experimental Results and Discussion Conclusions Data Availability Disclosure Conflicts of Interest Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2018 | Article ID 1257543 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1257543

Optical and Electrical Properties of TiO₂/Co/TiO₂ Multilayer Films Grown by DC Magnetron Sputtering

Marcos G. Valluzzi,¹Lucas G. Valluzzi,¹Marcos Meyer,²María A. Hernández-Fenollosa,³and Laura C. Damonte²

Academic Editor: Jörg Fink

Received31 Jan 2018

Accepted13 May 2018

Published07 Jun 2018

Abstract

Transparent oxide multilayer films of TiO₂/Co/TiO₂ were grown on glass substrate by DC magnetron sputtering technique. The optical and electrical properties of these films were analyzed with the aim of substituting ITO substrate in optoelectronic devices. The samples were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM). The effect of Co interlayer thickness (4, 8, and 12 nm) on the transmittance spectra yielded an optical absorption edge shift. The work function of these films was determined by KPFM technique allowing us to predict the Fermi level shift by extending the model for pure materials to our multilayer system. The Fermi level and optical absorption edge seem to be correlated and shifted toward lower energies when Co interlayer thickness is increased.

1. Introduction

Transparent conductive oxides (TCOs) play an important role in many optoelectronic devices, like solar cells, organic light emitting diodes, liquid crystal displays, touch panel, and others technological applications [1–5]. In recent years, Sn-doped indium oxide (ITO) is the material most used in optoelectronic applications due to a high transmittance in the visible spectrum (~80 ) and a low electrical resistivity (~Ωcm ) [6]. However, indium is toxic and has limited supply, which restricts its large scale applications. For these reasons, it is crucial to search for cheaper materials with good optoelectrical properties. Recently, many researchers proposed a TCO/metal/TCO multilayer structure with advanced electrical properties, chemical stability, and high optical transparency compared to a TCO single layer. Among others, materials such as Nb₂O₅, AZO (Al doped ZnO), and TiO₂ had been studied for potential ITO substitutes [7–11]. Multilayer films of TiO₂/Ag/TiO₂ and TiO₂/Cu/TiO₂ achieved excellent results [7, 12–14]. Titanium dioxide has been intensively studied over the last decades, because of its wide interesting technological applications, such as solar cells [15], optical coating material [16, 17], and photocatalytic applications [18, 19] as well as a gas sensor [20–24]. Due to its high dielectric constant, TiO₂ thin films have been widely investigated for applications in electronic devices [25]. Recently, magnetic materials doped with transparent conductive oxides to produce a transparent magnetic oxide (TMO) have received considerable attention because of their potential applications in spintronics [26, 27]. In this sense, Co-doped TiO₂ has been a promising candidate [28] because of its physical properties, like ferromagnetic behavior at room temperature, wide-band gap diluted magnetic semiconductors (DMSs), and high Curie temperature [29] among others. However, very few studies over TiO₂/Co/TiO₂ multilayer have been performed [30].

Fermi level is a critical parameter for understanding transport electronic properties, like resistivity, mobility, and so on. Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) is a powerful technique to provide direct evidence on Fermi level energy [31, 32]. This experimental technique measures the contact potential difference between a conductive atomic tip and the sample (CPD) [33, 34]. KPFM has been extensively used as a unique technique to characterize the nanoscale electric and electronic properties on metal/semiconductors interfaces [35], dopant profiling semiconductor [36], ferroelectrics [37], semiconductors devices [38–41], and surface potential of biomolecules [42, 43]. KPFM is a high lateral resolution technique of approximately 50 nm [44] and is, usually, a two-pass technique; this means that it utilizes two passes to realize the topographical and surface potential scan separately [45, 46].

In the present work, TiO₂/Co/TiO₂ multilayers with different Co interlayer thicknesses are fabricated by DC reactive magnetron sputtering under different atmospheric conditions. The influence of the Co interlayer thickness on the multilayer optical properties is analyzed. Multilayer’s Fermi level shift by Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) technique is also determinate and the obtained results were correlated with optical transmission spectra measurements. To our knowledge this is the first time that the consistent linkage between optical band gap and Fermi level energies is shown.

2. Experimental

Multilayer films of of different Co thickness are deposited on commercial glass substrate by DC magnetron co-sputtering deposition system (ATC ORION 8HV AJA International Corporation) using metallic Ti and Co targets (99,99 % purity, 2-inch diameter, 5 mm thickness, ACI alloys Inc). Substrates were ultrasonically cleaned in isopropyl alcohol for ten minutes and dried in nitrogen before deposition. The substrate deposition temperature was 200°C and the working pressure was kept at 10mTorr. Before deposition, the main chamber pressure was . Target powers were set at 150 W and 100 W for Ti and Co metals, respectively. In order to obtain the bottom and top of layers, the deposition was carried out under a mixture of Ar (99,999%) and (99,999%) atmosphere with a rate flux of [Ar]/[ ]=22 sccm/3 sccm (standard cubic centimeters per minute). For the Co intermediate layers a pure Ar atmosphere was established. These conditions yield deposition rates of 0,22 nm/s and 0,3 nm/s for Ti and Co metals, respectively. The deposition time was chosen to obtain an estimated thickness for layers of 30 nm while Co interlayers of 4, 8, and 12 nm thickness were grown. Hereafter, the resulting multilayers will be named S1, S2, and S3, respectively.

Optical transmission characterization was also performed at room temperature with a Hamamatsu L2175 UV–VIS spectrophotometer in the 300 to 850 nm wavelength range ( lamp 150 W).

Surface voltage measurements were done with the Kelvin Force probe (KPFM) using a NT-MDT atomic force microscope (AFM) in atmospheric conditions. A Si (n-type) cantilever coated with (APP NANO) was used. The probe operates at a resonant frequency of 300 KHz, Q factor of 280, and a spring constant k of 40N/m. Surface topography was determinate in the first pass in the semicontact mode, while, in the second pass, the probe was lifted above the surface at the height 30 nm. Surface voltage measured by Kelvin probe is commonly referred to as the contact potential difference voltage, .

3. Results and Discussion

Figure 1 shows the optical transmittance spectra for the three samples S1, S2, and S3 in the wavelength range 300-800 nm. The obtained spectra display a typical behavior with a well defined absorption band edge. In this part of the spectrum, metal-free electrons reflectivity is very small and is affected by light absorption from interband electronic transitions [47]. As Co thickness interlayer increases, more bound electrons are available for excitation producing a decrease in transmittance. Instead, in the long wavelengths, region-free electron reflectivity is high [48] and the optical transmittance diminution with Co thickness is explained by the simple classical Drude model.

The absorption coefficient can be determined by the equation , where t is the film thickness and T is the optical transmittance.

The average transmittance for S1, S2, and S3 multilayer film results is 86 %, 80 %, and 67,5 %, respectively. A transmittance diminution with metal interlayer increasing thickness was also observed by Yang. et al. in /metal multilayers grown by RF magnetron sputtering [30]. The band gap can be derived from the well known Tauc’s expression [49, 50].where m is or 2 for allowed direct and indirect electronic transition, respectively. For forbidden direct and indirect transitions m is 3/2 and 3, respectively. Thus, for our system, m=2 value corresponds with an indirect allowed electronic transition. A is a constant and is the photon energy.

The band gap value can be obtained by extrapolating the linear portion to the photon energy axis (), as shown in Figure 2. Thus, the obtained band gaps for S1, S2, and S3 samples were 2,8 , 2,6 , and 2,64 eV, respectively. The total band gap shift was 0,2 approximately. Yang et al. [30] reported similar energy band gaps shifts for TiO₂/Co/TiO₂ multilayers with 80 nm layers thickness and Co ultrathin interlayers (<4 nm) obtained by RF magnetron sputtering technique. Other authors [51, 52] also reported a band gap narrowing for M-doped TiO₂ nanoparticles (M: Cu, Ni, and Cr) grown by sol gel method.

In a degenerate semiconductor, such as TiO₂ anatase, the energy band gaps represent the shift in Fermi level. It can be easily shown [51] that the relationship between the work function,, and the Fermi level energy, , results:As already stated, KPFM is a suitable technique to probe the local contact potential difference at a film surface. Since the attractive force between tip and sample is related to the potential drop in the tip-sample junction, the can be determined by adjusting the applied bias voltage.

Figure 3 shows 3D AFM surface topography 10 x10 for S1, S2, and S3 samples, respectively. Average roughness analyses were carried out by NOVA software and the following values: 2,72 nm, 2,5 nm, and 1,46 nm, results for S1, S2, and S3, samples, respectively. Henceforth, as the Co interlayer thickness increases, average roughness decreases.

(a)

(b)

(c)

The surface roughness of TCO film plays an important role in determining the optical and electrical properties of the multilayer films; smoother films will have less scattering and hence superior mobility and better transparency. In the present work, optical properties are not only influenced by surface roughness but also by the metal interlayer thickness.

Figure 4 shows KPFM topography and contact potential CP histogram acquired at a distance of 30 nm with an Ac voltage of 3V between the surface and the cantilever during the second pass.

(a)

(b)

(c)

The CP histograms, shown in Figure 5, were analyzed by NOVA software using a Lorentzian function. The obtained contact potential average peaks were , and - for samples S1, S2, and S3, respectively, with Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) of for all samples. An appreciable shifting to negative potential is observed as Co thickness increases (Figure 6).

It is well known that in semiconductors the work function depends on the dopant types and their concentrations. In addition, the contact potential of a material can be altered significantly by stray capacitances from the tip geometry [52], tip-sample distance [53], and environment conditions such as the presence of adsorbates, surfaces charges, oxide layers, and water layer on the sample surface [54]. Since the observed differences in both, mean surface roughness and the contact potential, seemed not to be related, it is inferred that the changes in come up from the intrinsic characteristic of the film.

From these results it is possible to estimate the difference in Fermi level energy between two different samples. The contact potential between the sample and AFM tip is defined as follows [39, 55, 56]:where is the elementary charge and , are the work functions of the sample and tip, respectively.

Extending the model for pure materials [31, 55] to our multilayer system the Fermi level shift, , between two samples can be estimated fromThen, the Fermi level shift between S1 and S2 samples was −0,18 and -0,15 between S1 and S3 with an experimental error of 0,06 .

As was already pointed out, since the Fermi energy level in semiconductors depends on doping concentration, the prepared multilayer systems behave as a doped semiconductor. The observed changes in Fermi energy level match up the resulting shifts in band gap energy from optical measurements.

It is worthwhile to note that the KPFM measurements conducted in this study have been made in air, so the obtained values are rather qualitative [57]. However, they are very useful since they provided a fast and cheaper characterization of the samples involved. In addition, since the surface potential itself is always a relative value based on the local CPD between the AFM tip and the sample surface [58], the observed trend is a relative behavior between the studied samples. The changes observed between the films are attributed to the increasing metal intermediate layer and not to sample surface contamination or degradation tip. New experiments with different interlayer metals and thickness are now in course to analyze the effect of an additional charge transfer and the origin of the observed behavior.

4. Conclusions

Summarizing, TiO₂/Co/TiO₂ multilayers with different interlayer thickness were fabricated by DC reactive magnetron sputtering under different atmospheric conditions. Band gap shifts of 0,2 were found out by optical spectroscopy with respect to S1 sample.

Kelvin probe force microscopy was used to measure the work function of multilayer thin films. The observed variation in the work function with metal interlayer thickness can be related to a concomitant change in the Fermi level by extending the model for pure materials. In consequence, a Fermi level shift of 0,15 -0,18 from S2 and S3 samples to S1 sample was achieved.

To our knowledge this is the first time the results inferred by this technique were compared with optical data measurements in these multilayer systems revealing a qualitative agreement.

Finally, KPFM emerged as a powerful local technique to determine, in ambient conditions and in a fast way, the work functions of multilayer systems. Fermi level shift of a multilayer system constitutes a potential characterization technique to optoelectronic materials such as transparent conductive oxide (TCO) and transparent magnetic oxide (TMO). A deeper study of the effect of metal interlayer thicknesses on the work function and its relationship with Fermi energy level is in progress.

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Disclosure

Marcos Meyer and Laura C. Damonte are members of CONICET.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas (CONICET), Argentina (PIP 112-201101-00313).

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Copyright © 2018 Marcos G. Valluzzi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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