Abstract
The influence of the switching processes on self-heating of ferroelectric PZT ceramics samples was studied in high-amplitude sine and meander electric fields in a wide frequency range of 50 to 1500 Hz. It is shown that the linear dependence of the self-heating temperature on the electric field frequency is observed only in low-frequency region. It was found that there exists a maximum on the frequency dependence of the self-heating temperature. The critical frequency corresponding to this maximum depends on both the properties of the material and geometry of the sample.
1. Introduction
Due to favourable combination of piezoelectric properties and coefficients of electromechanical coupling, the ferroelectric ceramics of lead zirconate titanate family (PZT) is the main functional material for the production of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) [1–3]. Nevertheless piezoceramic elements for MEMS suffer from a number of disadvantages becoming apparent at high power regimes of working in high electric field strengths. Dictated by the nowadays increase of industrial applications of piezoelectric actuators a great attention is paid to fundamental studies of the problems of their reliability [4, 5]. The main drawbacks of the piezoelectric material performance are connected to the existence of different kinds of losses.
The losses are generally classified into three main types: dielectric, mechanical, and electromechanical ones [4, 6]. Dielectric losses are associated with the hysteresis in the spontaneous polarization switching in alternating electric fields (dielectric hysteresis loop). Mechanical losses are characteristic of such applications of piezoceramics as ultrasound motors [7–9]. The higher they are the lower the mechanical figure of merit is. In the resonance mode followed by the increase of vibration [4, 10–12] these losses lead to the rise of excess heat build-up related to field-induced mechanical stresses. Electromechanical losses as described by [4, 13] appear due to transformation of the electric energy (electric displacement D, polarization P) into mechanical deformation (stresses) owing to piezoelectric effect.
The authors of [4] mark out the following four causes of dielectric and electromechanical losses: (1) related to domain wall motion, (2) point crystal lattice defects, (3) microstructural losses at the grain boundaries because of material crystallinity, and (4) ohmic losses observed mainly in materials with high large electric conductivity. In piezoceramic materials the losses of the first kind dominate over other ones. They are related to the motion of domain walls including dielectric, elastic, and electromechanical hysteresis losses [3]. As a result of the losses significant undesirable self-heating comes into existence [9, 14, 15].
The current theoretical understanding and experimental characterization of the complex self-heating processes in piezoelectric ceramics are far from being complete. In the present work we focus our attention on the study of self-heating and switching processes of piezoelectric elements in large AC electric fields of different frequency and waveform.
2. Experiment
A study is made of the polarization processes in PZT ceramics by AC sine and meander electric fields with an amplitude of 500 to 2100 V/mm in a frequency range of 50 to 1500 Hz. Dielectric hysteresis loops were measured by the Sawyer-Tower method simultaneously with distant temperature control with the aid of thermal vision camera Testo-875-1. High voltage amplifier TREK 677B was exploited as a source of AC voltage. The experimental results given below were obtained with square ( mm) or circular (⌀25 mm) samples with a thickness of 1 mm.
On applying an AC electric field of fixed amplitude, the samples initially demonstrate nonsaturated minor hysteresis loops that change their shape during further exposure under field (Figure 1). This reshaping is accompanied by a self-heating of the sample. The performed measurements have shown that the self-heating maximal temperature () depends not only on the applied field amplitude [16, 17], but also on its frequency (Figure 2). Increasing the sample area also results in an increase of . The latter also increases when the sine field excitation is replaced by a meander one (Figure 3).
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Loop saturation was observed only for those frequency values (220 Hz and above) for which the sample heating temperature exceeds 95°С. It is this transition from the minor to full loop which corresponds to a sharp change of the sample temperature (Figure 2). This temperature range corresponds to a sharp decrease of the coercive field of the PZT which may be observed by ordinary heating of the sample in an oven. The rate of self-heating increases with the increase of the frequency thus resulting in the shortening of the time of hysteresis loop reshaping.
Dependence of the maximum temperature of the sample, , on the applied field frequency is presented in Figure 4. It is seen that of the sample with an area of 25 mm2 was exposed to sine field with V/mm at 220–250 Hz. Further increasing of the frequency results in a decrease of (); in doing so the area of the full loop also decreases (Figure 5(a)). By contrast, the hysteresis loop opening in meander field of the same amplitude as that of sine one is already observed at 150 Hz (Figure 5(b)).
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3. Results and Discussion
The performed measurements show that the increase of the electric field frequency results in a decrease of reversible polarization values () for both initial minor and reshaped full loops (Figure 5). In the last case, when the frequency corresponds to hysteresis loop saturation, the voltage drop occurs (Figure 1) which is explained by the increase of the conductivity.
It should be mentioned that when the sample is switched by meander voltage (Figure 5(b)), the magnitude of the switched polarization is larger compared with sine wave excitation (Figure 6, curves (), ()), other conditions being equal. In the case of meander, the loop opening begins at higher frequencies (Figure 6, curves ()–()). At the same time, the magnitude of the switched polarization is independent of frequency. In all cases the decrease of the switched polarization value obeys the exponential rule independently of the frequency and shape of the loop after its opening (Figure 6).
Approximation of the experimental data making use of exponential regression with the aid of MathCad 14 resulted in an analytical expression for the frequency dependence of the polarization value :
Here is the maximal value of reversible polarization in C/m2, is the irreversible component polarization, is the time constant in s, characterizing the exponential decay of polarization, and is the frequency in Hz. The corresponding numerical data determined for sine and meander wave electric field are given in Table 1.
According to Merz [18] full switching reversal of a ferroelectric crystal is only possible when the time of field action exceeds a certain limit . So the time constant may be interpreted as , where is the maximal frequency for which the full reversal is possible in the given field.
The values of obtained by approximation show that the critical frequency depends not only on the voltage frequency (Figure 6), but also on its shape (Table 1). The maximal experimentally observed has a value of for sine wave and for meander excitation, thus confirming the effect of the shape, that is, the time of maximum field action on the switching reversal process. It should be taken into account that this inference was drawn for the sample heated to temperatures above 100°С, when the coercive field of the PZT ceramics is substantially reduced.
Now let us consider the possible causes of the sample self-heating. The mechanisms of dielectric losses may be described in the following way:where is the intensity of applied field, is the polarization calculated by dielectric hysteresis loop data, is the generator voltage, is the sample thickness, is the charge, is the sample area, is the switching current passing during the cycle time , is the measurement frequency of the AC field, and is the sample volume. The quantity is the dissipation power of a sample volume unit. In essence, this energy is responsible for heating the sample.
So, on the one hand, the temperature should be increased with frequency, as it is shown by Figure 4 for sine excitation at up to 210 Hz. The authors of [16] mentioned this effect. However, on the other hand, during the process of loop formation the initial sharp increase of the switched polarization is replaced by a decrease of the former. This fact is explained by an exclusion of some regions of the sample from the process of switching. It was not taken into consideration in the article [16].
4. Conclusion
It follows from the obtained results that the value of switched polarization depends on the AC field amplitude, its shape, and frequency. As this takes place three regions of interest may be separated from the dependence of the maximal switched polarization on frequency (Figure 6).
First one defines the linear rise of the switched polarization at the expense of self-heating of the sample with the increase of the frequency. In this frequency range only minor hysteresis loops are observed.
The second region corresponds to maximal self-heating temperatures (Figure 4). In this case a decrease of the coercive field is evident (due to increasing of the sample temperature). As a result the minor hysteresis loops transform into full ones; the switched polarization is maximal (Figure 6).
Third region is characterized by an exponential decay of the switched polarization with the increase of the frequency. Inasmuch as half-wave time decreases with the increase of the frequency and so does the time of field semiperiodic action, the observed regularity is in full accordance with the theory of Merz according to which switching at a given field value requires definite time. This conclusion is also supported by the dependence of switched polarization on the shape of switching field (Figure 6). At these frequencies the self-heating temperature also starts to decrease (Figure 4).
Decrease of the self-heating temperature with the decrease of switching sample volumes serves as an evidence that the main cause of self-heating in AC fields is the domain wall motion. This inference is supported by the previous data on SBN crystals demonstrating self-heating corresponding to the region of minor hysteresis loops (i.e., region of switching processes) [19]. It is implied that in the present case we consider the fields which initially (at room temperature) are smaller than the coercive ones but exceed the former in the course of the temperature rise of the sample.
Concluding, our results show that the limitations in the domain wall mobility in high-frequency AC fields lead also to restrictions of self-heating process. Therefore it follows that the applicability of formula (2) is limited by the critical frequency value, . Here it should be mentioned that, inasmuch as the self-heating temperature depends directly on the geometrical parameters of the sample [16], the value of should be determined not only by the material properties but also by the geometry of the sample.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgments
The presented work was performed under the State Assignment no. 3.8032.2017/BCh of the Ministry of Science and Education of Russia.