The Role of Organelle Stresses in Diabetes Mellitus and Obesity: Implication for Treatment

Table 2

Human hereditary syndrome linking organelle stress and diabetes mellitus.

Disease	Gene	Function	Phenotypes
Wolcott-Rallison syndrome	PERK	UPR	Neonatal or early-infancy diabetes, epiphyseal dysplasia, osteoporosis, and growth retardation [31]
Wolfram syndrome	WFS1	Negative regulator of UPR	Neurological dysfunctions and diabetes [131]
Friedreich’s ataxia	FXN	Assembly of iron-sulfur cluster in mitochondria	Ataxia, cardiac dysfunction, and diabetes [63]
Kearns-Sayre syndrome	Large deletion of mitochondrial DNA	Respiratory chain	Ataxia, weakness, ptosis, pigmentary retinopathy, and diabetes [58]
MELAS (Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes)	Mitochondrial tRNA	tRNA	Seizure, ataxia, hemiparesis, cortical blindness, diabetes, and short stature [58]