Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms Responsible for Beneficial Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Product “Exo-d-MAPPS” in Attenuation of Chronic Airway Inflammation

Figure 1

Exo-d-MAPPS attenuated CS-induced airway inflammation in mice. Exo-d-MAPPS significantly improved pulmonary function in CS-exposed mice, as evidenced by blood gas analysis: significantly elevated PaO₂, SaO₂, and pH and decreased PaCO₂ (a–d). Representative H&E staining of the lungs (×100 magnification) obtained from the control ((e) A and (e) B) and experimental mice ((e) C and (e) D) showing partial alveolar wall destruction, widened alveolar septa and expanded alveolar space, and capillary dilation and congestion with massive infiltration of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes in the lungs of CS-exposed mice (e-C; black arrows) and alveolar and blood vessel structures with a lower number of lung-infiltrated leucocytes in the lungs of CS+Exo-d-MAPPS-treated animals (e-D). Significantly downregulated levels of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-12, IFN-γ, and IL-1β) (f) and increased concentration of anti-inflammatory IL-10 (g) in serum samples of CS+Exo-d-MAPPS-treated animals. Values are presented as ; mice/group. , , and .

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