Laryngeal Manifestations of Rheumatoid Arthritis

Table 1

Laryngeal manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis.

Laryngotracheal symptoms	Laryngeal findings	High-resolution computerized tomographic findings
(1) Phonatory symptoms; (a) Hoarseness; (b) Breathiness; (c) Vocal fatigue; (d) Inability to project the voice; (e) Complete aphonia; (2) Pharyngeal symptoms; (a) Dysphagia; (b) Odynophagia; (c) Sore throat; (d) Foreign body sensation; (e) Globus pharyngeus; (3) Airway symptoms; (a) Shortness of breath; (b) Decrease exercise tolerance; (c) Stridor; (d) Dyspnea; (e) Respiratory distress	(1) Edema; (2) Hyperemia; (3) Myositis; (4) Impaired mobility of the vocal fold; (5) Fixed vocal cords; (6) Epiglottitis; (7) Rheumatic nodules; (8) Bamboo nodes	(1) Cricoarytenoid prominence; (2) Density changes in CAJ and/or CTJ; (3) Volume changes in CAJ and/or CTJ; (4) Soft tissue changes in CAJ or CTJ; (5) Erosion of the CAJ or CTJ; (6) Ankylosis of the CAJ or CTJ

CAJ: cricoarytenoid joint. CTJ: cricothyroid joint.