Cardiovascular Disease in Latin American Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Cross-Sectional Study and a Systematic Review
Table 1
Demographic and clinical characteristics of 310 patients with SLE.
Characteristic
Median (IQR)
Age (y)
37 (22)
Duration of disease (y)
5.0 (9.0)
Characteristic
Mean (SD)
Age at SLE onset (y)
38 (15.4)
Age of diagnosis (y)
39.8 (15.8)
Sociodemographic characteristic
% (/)
Female
91.3 (283/310)
High education level
85.6 (255/298)
High socioeconomic status
79.5 (236/297)
Mixed occupation
23.2 (71/306)
Housewife
21.2 (65/306)
Exposure to hair dyes
40.6 (125/308)
Clinical manifestation
% (/)
Cutaneous compromise
88.1 (273/310)
Arthropathy
87.7 (272/310)
Neurological involvement
10 (31/310)
Hematological criteria
34.5 (107/310)
Immunological criteria
78.1 (242/310)
Raynaud’s phenomenon
39.4 (122/310)
Vasculitis
18.4 (57/310)
Alopecia
47.7 (148/310)
Livedo reticularis
19 (59/310)
Pleural effusion
23.5 (73/310)
Pulmonary hypertension
6.5 (20/310)
Pulmonary embolism
2.9 (9/310)
Pericarditis
14.5 (45/310)
Lupus nephritis
46.5 (144/310)
Nephritic syndrome
5.5 (17/310)
Nephrotic syndrome
16.8 (58/310)
Histological pattern
Normal
8.5 (7/82)
Mesangial glomerulonephritis
15.9 (13/82)
Focal segmental glomerulonephritis
13.4 (11/82)
Proliferative glomerulonephritis
41.5 (34/82)
Membranous glomerulonephritis
11 (9/82)
Autoimmune disease(s)
% (/)
Polyautoimmunity
26.1 (81/310)
MAS
6.1 (19/310)
Familial autoimmunity in FDR
30.3 (94/310)
RA
3.9 (12/310)
APS
8.7 (27/310)
SS
8.7 (27/310)
AITD
6.8 (21/310)
Comorbidities
% (/)
Fibromyalgia
9.7 (30/309)
Depression
21.4 (66/309)
Epilepsy
3.9 (12/309)
Peptic ulcer disease
38.5 (119/309)
Anemia
8.1 (25/309)
Osteoporosis
5.8 (18/309)
Malaria
2.3 (7/303)
Hepatitis A
7.1 (22/309)
Miscarriage
20.2 (57/282)
Drugs
% (/)
Azathioprine
33.9 (105/310)
Antimalarial
80.6 (250/310)
Mycophenolate Mofetil
15.8 (49/310)
Steroid
78.4 (243/310)
Rituximab
7.4 (23/310)
Cytotoxic agents
12.3 (38/310)
Biological treatment
8.4 (26/310)
Methotrexate
34.8 (108/310)
Laboratories findings
% (/)
Anemia
25.9 (76/293)
Leukopenia
38 (114/300)
Lymphopenia
78.7 (85/202)
Thrombocytopenia
7.8 (23/296)
C-reactive protein (+)
35.4 (57/161)
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (+)
46.2 (104/225)
VDRL (+)
24.5 (26/204)
Abnormal serum creatinine
9.7 (26/268)
Abnormal creatinine clearance
56.6 (94/166)
24 hours proteinuria (+)
37.7 (80/212)
Hematuria
57.4 (58/101)
Pyuria
36.1 (56/155)
Antinuclear antibodies (+)
98.6 (287/291)
Lupus anticoagulant (+)
51 (52/102)
Anti-dsDNA antibodies (+)
54.6 (147/269)
Low complement 3 (C3)
60.8 (160/263)
Low complement 4 (C4)
31.4 (83/264)
aCL IgG (+)
33.8 (79/234)
aCL IgM (+)
32.4 (73/225)
Beta 2-glycoprotein antibodies IgG (+)
29.4 (10/34)
Beta 2-glycoprotein antibodies IgM (+)
28.6 (6/21)
Anti-Ro antibodies (+)
48.6 (122/251)
Anti-La antibodies (+)
26.2 (64/244)
Anti-Sm antibodies (+)
36 (89/247)
Anti-RNP antibodies (+)
46 (109/237)
Rheumatoid factor (+)
34.6 (27/78)
Citrullinated peptide antibodies (+)
34.3 (12/35)
Thyroid stimulating hormone (+)
51.5 (53/207)
Thyroid peroxidase antibodies (+)
38.6 (17/44)
Thyroglobulin antibodies (+)
20 (6/30)
CVD: cardiovascular disease; SLE: systemic lupus erythematosus; IQR: interquartile range; SD: standard deviation; Y: years; MAS: multiple autoimmune syndrome; FDR: first-degree relatives; RA: rheumatoid arthritis; APS: antiphospholipid syndrome; SS: Sjögren’s syndrome; AITD: autoimmune thyroid disease; VDRL: venereal disease research laboratory; aCL: anticardiolipin antibodies. Arthropathy was defined as the presence of at least one of the following: arthritis, arthralgia, hands edema, or Jaccoud’s arthropathy. Cutaneous compromise was defined as the presence of at least one of the following: photosensitivity, oral ulcers, malar rash, discoid lupus, subacute lupus, and urticaria. Neurological involvement were defined as the presence of at least one of the following: seizures, psychosis, and peripheral nerve compromise. Hematological criteria were defined as the presence of at least one of the following: hemolytic anemia, leukopenia, lymphopenia, and thrombocytopenia. Immunological criteria were defined as the presence of at least one of the following: anti-dsDNA, anti-Sm, anticardiolipin IgG or IgM, lupus anticoagulant, false-positive test VDRL, or fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption test.
