Research Article
Cardiovascular Disease in Latin American Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Cross-Sectional Study and a Systematic Review
Table 3
Characteristics associated with CVD in 310 patients with SLE.
| | Characteristic | Cardiovascular | Noncardiovascular | OR (95% CI) | | | disease 113/310 | disease 197/310 | | % (/) | % (/) |
| | Sociodemographic characteristic | | | | | | Age (y) | Median (IQR): 40 (23) | Median (IQR): 36 (21) | | 0.059 | | Age at SLE onset (y) | Median (IQR): 30 (19) | Median (IQR): 26 (18) | | 0.175 | | Age of diagnosis (y) | Median (IQR): 34 (22) | Median (IQR): 28 (18) | | 0.041 | | Ever smoking | 50.9 (57/112) | 37.1 (73/194) | 1.75 (1.09–2.61) | 0.019 | | Coffee | 70.5 (79/112) | 55.2 (108/192) | 1.94 (1.19–3.18) | 0.009 | | Hair dye | 46 (52/113) | 37.4 (73/195) | 1.42 (0.89–2.29) | 0.139 | | Pesticides | 3.5 (4/113) | 1 (2/197) | 3.56 (0.64–19.75) | 0.122 | | Autoimmune disease(s) | | | | | | MAS | 3.5 (4/113) | 7.1 (14/197) | 0.48 (0.15–1.49) | 0.196 | | Familial autoimmunity in FDR | 19.5 (22/113) | 25.4 (50/197) | 0.71 (0.40–1.25) | 0.235 | | RA | 0.9 (1/113) | 5.6 (11/197) | 0.15 (0.01–1.19) | 0.062 | | APS | 16.8 (19/113) | 4.1 (8/197) | 4.77 (2.01–11.31) | 0.0001 | | AITD | 4.4 (5/113) | 9.1 (16/197) | 0.52 (0.18–1.47) | 0.213 | | Comorbidities | | | | | | Type 2 diabetes mellitus | 3.5 (4/113) | 1 (2/197) | 3.56 (0.64–19.75) | 0.196 | | Dyslipidemia | 28.3 (32/113) | 12.2 (24/197) | 2.83 (1.56–5.11) | 0.0001 | | Fibromyalgia | 14.2 (16/113) | 7.1 (14/197) | 2.14 (1.00–4.57) | 0.045 | | Treatment | | | | | | Antimalarials | 77 (87/113) | 82.7 (163/197) | 0.69 (0.39–1.23) | 0.217 | | Mycophenolate Mofetil | 19.5 (22/113) | 13.7 (27/197) | 1.52 (0.82–2.82) | 0.181 | | Cytotoxics agents | 17.7 (20/113) | 9.1 (16/197) | 2.13 (1.07–4.23) | 0.027 | | Clinical variable | | | | | | Discoid lupus | 5.3 (6/113) | 9.1 (16/197) | 0.55 (0.21–1.44) | 0.225 | | Alopecia | 41.5 (47/113) | 51.3 (101/197) | 0.67 (0.42–1.08) | 0.101 | | Subacute | 6.2 (7/113) | 3 (6/197) | 2.10 (0.68–6.41) | 0.239 | | Urticaria | 19.5 (22) | 10.2 (20/197) | 2.14 (1.11–4.12) | 0.021 | | Vasculitis | 15 (17/113) | 20.3 (40/197) | 0.89 (0.37–1.29) | 0.250 | | Neurological involvement | 13.3 (15/113) | 8.1 (16/197) | 1.73 (0.82–3.65) | 0.146 | | Headache | 28.2 (33/113) | 18.9 (37/197) | 1.79 (1.03–3.06) | 0.035 | | Psychosis | 7.1 (8/113) | 3.8 (7/197) | 2.08 (0.72–5.86) | 0.164 | | Serositis | 37.2 (42/113) | 23.9 (47/197) | 1.88 (1.14–3.12) | 0.013 | | Pleural effusion | 31.9 (36/113) | 18.9 (37/197) | 2.02 (1.18–3.44) | 0.009 | | Hands edema | 32.7 (37/113) | 15.9 (33/197) | 2.41 (1.40–4.16) | 0.0001 | | Renal involvement | 56.6 (84/113) | 40.9 (80/197) | 1.91 (1.19–3.05) | 0.006 | | Nephrotic | 27.4 (31/113) | 10.7 (21/197) | 3.16 (1.71–5.84) | 0.0001 | | Pulmonary haemorrhage | 3.5 (4/113) | 0.5 (1/197) | 7.19 (0.79–65.16) | 0.061 | | Laboratory findings | | | | | | Thrombocytopenia | 11.9 (13/109) | 5.3 (10/187) | 2.39 (1.01–5.67) | 0.041 | | Leukopenia | 30.6 (34/111) | 42.3 (80/189) | 0.60 (0.36–0.98) | 0.044 | | Lymphopenia | 71.6 (78/109) | 78.7 (148/188) | 0.68 (0.39–1.17) | 0.163 | | Abnormal creatinine | 17 (17/100) | 5.4 (8/169) | 3.61 (1.54–8.47) | 0.002 | | Abnormal creatinine clearance | 64.4 (38/59) | 52.3 (56/107) | 1.64 (0.85–3.17) | 0.133 | | Proteinuria (+) | 50 (41/82) | 30 (39/130) | 2.33 (1.31–4.13) | 0.003 | | aCLIgG (+) | 40.7 (35/88) | 29.7 (44/149) | 1.62 (0.93–2.82) | 0.087 | | Lupus anticoagulant (+) | 58.5 (24/41) | 45.9 (29/61) | 1.66 (0.74–3.70) | 0.211 |
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CVD: cardiovascular disease; SLE: systemic lupus erythematosus; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; IQR: interquartile range; SD: standard deviation; Y: years; MAS: multiple autoimmune syndrome; FDR: first-degree relatives; RA: rheumatoid arthritis; APS: antiphospholipid syndrome; AITD: autoimmune thyroid disease; aCL: anticardiolipin antibodies.
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