Review Article

Understanding and Managing Pregnancy in Patients with Lupus

Table 4

Recommendations for the use of medications for pregnancy planning.

MedicationRecommendation for pregnancy planningIndication
during pregnancy
FDA 1979 classComment for using during pregnancyMaternal adverse reactions Fetal/neonatal adverse reactions Lactation

Aspirin (low dose)Start before conceptionObstetric APSB/C80–100 mg/d used isolated or in combination with LMWHBleedingNoAllowed

AzathioprineWithout stoppingUsed in cases requiring immunosuppression and to save corticoidD1–2,5 mg/Kg/dLiver toxicity and bone marrow toxicityNoAllowed

BelimumabNot start during pregnancy
Not stop during pregnancy
Arthritis, other inflammatoryC10 mg/kg IV q2 weeks ×3 doses,
Maintenance: 10 mg/kg IV q4 weeks
Reactivation of tuberculosisNoNot allowed

Cyclosporine ACBlood pressure monitorIncrease of blood pressureLow birth weightNot allowed

CyclophosphamideStop > 6 months before conceptionNot allowedXNot allowed

Fluorinated corticosteroidsIt will be used in more advanced pregnancyNLE and maturity of fetal lungs BUse betamethasone 12 mg/d for two daysUncontrolled glycemicNoAllowed

HydroxychloroquineKeep the drug to prevent reactivation of lupusLupus, arthritisN200–400 mg/dMaternal skin hyperpigmentationNoAllowed

LeflunomideStop 3–6 months before conceptionNot allowedXNot allowed

Low-molecular weight heparinGenerally used Obstetric APSCUsed in prophylactic dose of 0.5 mg/Kg QID for OBAPS and in full dose 1 mg/Kg BID for thrombotic APSOsteoporosis, thrombocytopeniaNoAllowed

NSAIDAvoid since it may decrease Arthritis, other inflammatoryC/DAvoid in the 3rd trimester Gastric bleedingPremature closure of the ductus arteriosus, oligohydramniosAllowed

MethotrexateStop 3–6 months before conceptionNot allowedXNot allowed

Mycophenolate mofetilStop before conceptionNot allowedXNot allowed

Prednisone/prednisoloneTry to minimize dose due to maternal AEsLupus, arthritis, other inflammatory diseasesCInactivated in the placenta, minimize dose due to maternal AEsIncrease of blood pressure, osteopenia, gestational diabetes, immunosuppression, grooves.Cleft lip sporadically Low birth weight
Premature birth
Allowed (if more than 40 mg, wait for 3 hours)

RituximabNot start during pregnancy
Not stop during pregnancy
Arthritis, other inflammatoryC375 mg/m²/IV q4 weeks Reactivation of tuberculosisNoNot allowed

StatinsStop before conceptionNot allowedXNot Allowed

ACEiStop before conceptionNot allowedDFetal death, renal dysfunction and oligohydramniosAllowed

TacrolimusUsed in cases requiring immunosuppressionC0,1–0,2 mg/kg/dDiabetes, increase of blood pressure, reactivation of tuberculosisIncrease of blood pressure, diarrhea, headache, renal dysfunction Not allowed

WarfarinStop at conceptionNot allowedXAllowed

AEs: adverse events; APS: antiphospholipid syndrome; OBAPS: obstetric APS; ACEi: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor.