Research Article
Urine Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 and Lupus Nephritis Disease Activity: Preliminary Report of a Prospective Longitudinal Study
Table 2
Baseline demographic and characteristics in the active and inactive LN patient groups.
| | Parameters | All subjects
| Active LN
| Inactive LN
| value |
| | Age, mean ± SD years | 36.90 ± 10.62 | 36.40 ± 9.97 | 37.33 ± 11.24 | 0.74 | | Female: number (%) | 92 (92%) | 43 (91.5%) | 49 (92.5%) | 0.57 | | Male: number (%) | 8 (8%) | 4 (8.5%) | 4 (7.5%) | | | Race: number (%) | | | | | | Malay | 41 (41%) | 24 (51.1%) | 17 (32.1%) | | | Chinese | 55 (55%) | 21 (44.7%) | 34 (64.2%) | 0.14 | | Indian | 4 (4%) | 2 (4.3%) | 2 (3.8%) | | | LN duration in years | 7 (1–24) | 7 (1–24) | 7 (1–17) | 0.56 | | Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) | 7 (7%) | 3 (6.4%) | 4 (7.5%) | 0.82 | | Musculoskeletal system (MSK) | 41 (41%) | 20 (42.6%) | 21 (39.6%) | 0.46 | | Duration of MSK in years | 6 (1–27) | 6.5 (1–27) | 6 (1–27) | 0.60 | | Autoimmune Haemolytic Anaemia (AIHA) | 26 (26%) | 14 (29.8%) | 12 (22.6%) | 0.27 | | Duration of AIHA in years | 4.88 ± 3.21 | 5.58 ± 3.44 | 4.28 ± 2.99 | 0.34 | | Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) | 9 (9%) | 5 (10.6%) | 4 (7.5%) | 0.24 | | Duration of ITP in years | 7.5 ± 4.62 | 9.5 ± 5.8 | 5.5 ± 2.38 | 0.20 | | Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) | 1 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1%) | 0.53 | | Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 128 ± 17.68 | 128 ± 13.16 | 120 ± 13.91 | 0.001 | | Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 75.2 ± 4.08 | 77.80 ± 10.31 | 73.68 ± 10.44 | 0.04 | | Classes of lupus nephritis (%) | | | | | | WHO class I | 1 (1%) | 1 (2.1%) | 0 (0%) | | | WHO class II ± V | 6 (6%) | 3 (6.4%) | 3 (5.7%) | | | WHO class III ± V | 34 (34%) | 15 (31.9%) | 19 (35.8%) |
0.71 | | WHO class IV ± V | 52 (52%) | 26 (55.3%) | 26 (49.1%) | | WHO class V | 5 (5%) | 1 (2.1%) | 4 (7.5%) | | | WHO class VI | 2 (2%) | 1 (2.1%) | 1 (1.9%) | | | Activity index, median (IQR) | 8 (0–19) | 9 (0–16) | 8 (0–19) | 0.93 | | Chronicity index, median (IQR) | 3 (0–15) | 3.58 (0–9) | 3 (1–15) | 0.55 | | CKD stage (%) | | | | | | Stage 1 (eGFR > 90) | 61 (61%) | 25 (53.2%) | 36 (67.9%) | | | Stage 2 (eGFR 60–89) | 22 (22%) | 10 (21.3%) | 12 (22.6%) |
0.06 | | Stage 3 (eGFR 30–59) | 14 (14%) | 9 (19.1%) | 5 (9.4%) | | Stage 4 (eGFR 15–29) | 3 (3%) | 3 (6.4%) | 0 (0%) | | | Medications, no (%) | | | | | | Corticosteroids | 95 (95%) | 43 (91.5%) | 52 (98.1%) | 0.12 | | Cumulative dose for previous six months (g) | 1.80 (0.75–4.50) | 1.80 (0.90–4.50) | 1.76 (0.75–1.95) | 0.001 | | Cumulative dose from previous relapse (g) | 5.040 (0.90–24.43) | 4.415 (0.90–24.43) | 6.685 (1.59–13.32) | 0.009 | | Time from last relapse (months) | 22 (1–120) | 11 (1–120) | 28 (3.5–72) | 0.001 | | Cyclophosphamide | 8 (8%) | 8 (17%) | 0 (0%) | 0.002 | | Cyclosporine A/Tacrolimus | 30 (30%) | 19 (40.4%) | 11 (20.8%) | 0.03 | | Mycophenolic acid | 22 (22%) | 12 (25.5%) | 10 (18.9%) | 0.42 | | Azathioprine | 36 (36%) | 12 (25.5%) | 24 (45.3%) | 0.04 | | Hydroxychloroquine | 42 (42%) | 20 (42.6%) | 22 (41.5%) | 0.91 | | Renin angiotensin system blockers (ACEI/ARB/spironolactone) | 68 (68%) | 29 (61.7%) | 39 (73.6%) | 0.11 |
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SD: standard deviation; IQR: interquartile range; LN: lupus nephritis; WHO: World Health Organization; CKD: chronic kidney disease; ACEI: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors; ARBs: angiotensin receptor blockers; NS: not significant.
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