Leopard Panthera pardus fusca Density in the Seasonally Dry, Subtropical Forest in the Bhabhar of Terai Arc, Nepal

Table 7

Leopard (Panthera pardus fusca) density estimates (per 100 km²) across the array of habitat types from study areas in South Asia based on traditional mean maximum distance moved (MMDM) approaches and spatially explicit capture-recapture (SECR) using maximum likelihood (SECR-ML) and Bayesian (SECR-B) analytical methods. 1/2 MMDM and full MMDM approaches were used in population estimates from program CAPTURE.

Site	Habitat type	Density estimates				Source
		1/2 MMDM	Full MMDM	SECR-ML	SECR-B
Chitwan National Park, Nepal	Alluvial floodplains grassland and deciduous forest	4.06 (1.83)	3.48 (0.89)		3.45 (0.49)	[29]
Bardia National Park, Nepal^#	Alluvial floodplains grassland and deciduous forest	5 (??)				[89]
Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park, Bhutan	Broadleaf to coniferous forest	1.04 (0.01)				[55]
Akole Tahsil, Maharastra India^$	Irrigated Valley	6.4 (0.78)			4.8 (1.2)	[27]
Chilla Forest Range-Rajaji National Park, India^§	Moist and dry deciduous forest	14.99 (6.9)				[24]
Sariska Tiger Reserve, India	Dry deciduous forest	6.0 (0.5)		7.1 (2.0)	5.8 (1.1)	[67]
Satpura Tiger Reserve, India	Dry and moist deciduous mixed forest	7.3 (5.1)–9.3 (2.0)	4.2 (3.1)–6.2 (1.6)	4.04 (1.37)–7.21 (3.21)		[68]
Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, India	Subtropical dry deciduous forest	28.91 (7.22)	13.41 (2.67)	13.17 (3.15)	13.01 (2.31)	[25]
Manas National Park, India	Alluvial floodplain and sub-tropical forest	11.30 (2.9)		3.40 (0.82)		[26]
Parsa Wildlife Reserve, Nepal	Subtropical dry deciduous forest	5.61 (1.30)	3.85 (0.88)	3.78 (0.85)	3.48 (0.83)	This study

 ^#based on combination of telemetry studies, camera trapping, and leopard tracks. Estimate is representative of southern most areas of Bardia National Park.
$A nonprotected area.
§Population estimates based on program MARK for density estimates.