Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) of gastropods is extensively studied for its pathology and immunocytology; there is scanty information on histochemical alterations in neuronal cells due to heavy metal. This study was designed to investigate histochemical alterations in cerebral neurons of freshwater snail Bellamya bengalensis after intoxication with mercuric chloride (HgCl2) and zinc chloride (ZnCl2). As per chemical components cerebral ganglia of Bellamya bengalensis showed three different zones, namely, periganglionic connective tissue sheath, interperikaryonal space, and neuropil. After intoxication, increased acidic content in extracellular matrix (ECM) of neuronal cells was found. These alterations were directly proportional to time of exposure period. From results, HgCl2 proved its highly toxic nature over chemical composition of cerebral neuronal cells of freshwater snail Bellamya bengalensis compared to ZnCl2 intoxication.
1. Introduction
A wide range of inorganic and organic compounds caused aquatic contamination including heavy metals, combustible and putrescible substance, hazardous wastes, explosives, petroleum products, and phenol and textile dyes [1]. The major component of inorganic contaminants has some different problems than organic contaminants [2, 3]. Notably aquatic ecosystems are often polluted with anomalously high levels of toxicants (organic and inorganic substances), which find their way into the aquatic systems with waste and effluents generated from industrial enterprises [4]. Heavy metals are highly active contaminants of biotic material, which enters the aquatic environment through a number of routes [5]. Aquatic poisoning by metals has increased during last decades due to their extensive use in agricultural, chemical, and industrial processes resulting in threat to living organisms [6]. As a result, inorganic contamination has increased level of transfer across food chain/web leading to health hazards [7]. Heavy metal pollution of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems has long been recognized as a serious environmental concern [8].
From the invertebrates, aquatic and terrestrial molluscs are measurably affected by heavy metal pollution. Heavy metal continued to be common pollutant in aquatic ecosystem and proved toxic to aquatic organism [9, 10]. Bivalve and gastropod molluscs are excellent sentinel organisms for the study of toxic effects of metals in aquatic ecosystems [11]. Maximum concentration of heavy metal in aquatic or terrestrial media affects numerous phenomena involved in the development and maintenance of molluscan physiology as feeding, growth, reproduction, and maturity of animal [12]. Some findings show that snails in polluted areas have high levels of cadmium in the digestive glands, kidney, gills, and muscle [13] as well as in the foot [14] and shell [15]. Reference [16] reported that cadmium poisoning altered normal histology of gills by bioaccumulating it in the proboscis, esophagus, stomach, rectum, and gills of edible snail Babylonia areolata. Reference [17] observed the bioaccumulation and histopathological effects in hepatopancreas, ovotestis from giant land snail Archachatina marginata. Gastropod molluscs are suitable for studying neuronal mechanism, which integrates different motor systems into coordinated behavior. Comprehensive knowledge has been accumulated in the past decades on the organization and development of prominent and extensive study in many objectives for analyzing simple neuronal network related to behavior of an organism [18].
Available literature seems to be scanty information about impact of heavy metal on histochemical alteration in the cerebral neuronal cells of freshwater molluscs. The present study is designed to investigate the alteration in histochemical components from cerebral neuronal cells of freshwater snail Bellamya bengalensis.
2. Material and Method
2.1. Experimental Animals
Adult snails Bellamya bengalensis (4-5 cm L, 2-3 cm W, and 3-4 g Wt) were collected from Rajaram tank, nearby National Highway (NH) 04 (0.5 km), situated in the campus of Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India, at latitude and longitude of 16°, 40′47.49′′ N and 76°, 16′01.86′′ E. Animals were carried by plastic container to the laboratory. The snails were cleaned for removal of algal mass and mud. Well-cleaned animals were transferred to plastic trough (60 cm × 30 cm), 50 animals in each. All the snails were acclimatized at room temperature by providing fresh air in the water prior to the experiments.
2.2. Toxicant and Animal Toxicity
A water miscible powder form of mercuric chloride (HgCl2) and zinc chloride (ZnCl2) (Himedia Laboratory Pvt. Ltd.) was procured from Fumes Chemicals, Kolhapur, and used for the toxicity assessment. Mortality and LC50 at 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, and 96 h exposure were calculated using the Probit analysis method (Finney, 1971). All experiments were repeated three times for the calculation of mean LC50.
2.3. Tissue Preparation
After completion of each exposure period animals were sacrificed to dissect out cerebral ganglia. Dissected ganglions were fixed in 10% formalin, washed in 70% ethanol up to 72 h, dehydrated in alcoholic grades (90% and 100%), then cleared in xylene, and embedded in Paraplast. The prepared tissue blocks were sectioned through rotary microtome at 6 μm thickness and applied for histochemistry.
2.4. Histochemistry
2.4.1. Neutral Mucosubstances
(i) Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) Technique [19]. As an oxidizing agent, 1% of periodic acid in PAS reaction was used as oxidizing agent for 5 min. Sections were washed with distilled water and treated with 1% of Schiff’s reagent for 20 min. Sections were rinsed for three times (up to 6 min) with 0.5% of sodium metabisulphite, washed with distilled water, dehydrated through a series of increasing orders of alcoholic grades, cleared in xylene, and mounted in DPX.
2.4.2. Acidic Mucosubstances
(i) Alcian Blue (AB) at pH 1.0 [20]. Hydrated sections were brought to distilled water and stained for 30 min in 1% of AB in 0.1 N HCl (pH 1.0). Sections were blotted on filter paper, dehydrated, cleared in xylene, and mounted in DPX. Only sulphomucins were found intense blue.
(ii) Alcian Blue (AB) at pH 2.5 [20]. After hydration, sections were brought to distilled water, rinsed in 3% acetic acid, stained by 1% of AB in 3% of acetic acid at pH 2.5 for 30 min, washed with distilled water, dehydrated, cleared in xylene, and mounted in DPX. Weakly acidic mucosubstances as hyaluronic acid and sialomucins were found stained dark blue.
2.4.3. Chapman’s Mercury Bromophenol Blue Technique for Proteins [21]
After deparaffinization, sections were hydrated by passing through absolute 90%, 70%, 50%, and 30% alcohol and then to distilled water for 5 min, stained in 1% HgCl2, 0.05% sodium bromophenol blue, and 2% aqueous acetic acid for 10 min, transferred to 0.5% acetic acid for 10 min, transferred to tertiary butyl alcohol (2 changes) for 30 min until the sections turned blue, and then transferred to 0.5 mL n-butylamine (in 100 mL xylene) until sections turned blue completely. Sections were cleared in xylene and mounted in DPX. Protein content was stained intensely blue.
2.4.4. Sudan Black B Technique for Lipids [22]
After hydration, the sections were brought to distilled water, then treated with 1% potassium dichromate for 1 hr, making lipid resistant to inorganic solvent by oxidizing phospholipids, washed with distilled water, stained with Sudan Black B for 30 min, differentiated with 70% alcohol, after staining, cleared in xylene, and mounted in DPX. The lipid contained stained deep blue. Brownish black colour may be even an indication of lipids content.
2.4.5. Microscopic Observation
Measurement of staining intensity from different zones of CNS was carried out by visual observation in five tissues of each experimental group. The staining intensity scoring in control and excremental group was noted as follows: +++, strong intensity; ++, moderate intensity; +, pale/light intensity.
3. Results
In the cerebral ganglia of experimental animals, extracellular matrix (ECM) occurred in three different anatomical ganglionic units as follows. (i) Periganglionic connective tissue sheath (PS) includes the membrane lamina, muscle fibers, axon, and glial processes. (ii) Interperikaryonal space (IS) includes the perineuronal net. (iii) Neuropil (N) contained glial elements, with the mass of axon projection (Figure 1). The quantitative differentiation in ECM zones of CNS in Bellamya bengalensis was shown in Table 1.
3.1. Histochemical Alterations in CG after Intoxication of HgCl2 and ZnCl2
3.1.1. Control Group
Neuronal sections fromcontrol group showed intensively magenta stained PAS positive material, that is, carbohydrates containing hexose group (Figures 2(a)–2(e)). It included galactose and its polymers, which were distributed in the cytoplasm of neuronal cells. Histochemical results obtained by PAS reaction and AB showed monosaccharide, disaccharides, and other derivatives of carbohydrate with sulphated proteoglycans like heparin sulphate, chondroitin sulphate, hydectan, glypican, and syndecans, respectively; these were abundant in the sectioned neuronal cells (Figures 2(b), 2(c), 2(d), and 2(f)). Sectional view of cerebral ganglia showed presence of protein and lipid components in the cytoplasm of neuronal cells (Figures 4(a), 4(b), 5(a), 5(b), 6(a), and 6(b)).
LC50 concentration of HgCl2 (1.56 ppm) and ZnCl2 (12.70 ppm) used for intoxication to the animals. Histochemical changes which occurred in the cerebral ganglia were as follows.
3.1.2. HgCl2 Treated Cerebral Neurons
HgCl2 intoxicated cerebral ganglia showed histochemical alterations after 24 hr, which included slightly decreased neutral mucins with increased acidic mucosubstances (Figures 3(a) and 3(e)). After 48 hrs, weak acidic mucosubstances as hyaluronic acid and sialomucins were stained dark blue. The carbohydrate content was reduced (Figures 3(b) and 3(f)). 72 hrs of induction showed presence of strong and weak acidic mucosubstances with decreased glycoprotein concentration (Figures 3(c) and 3(g)). After 96 hr HgCl2 exposure, acidic mucins were maximum seen in sectional view (Figure 4(h)). Protein and lipid of ECM and neuronal cells were significantly decreased after 24, 48, 72, and 96 hr of HgCl2 exposure (Figures 4(b)–4(j)).
3.1.3. ZnCl2 Treated Cerebral Neurons
After 24 hr, neurons in cerebral ganglia were moderately stained by PAS positive elements (Figures 5(a) and 5(e)). 48 hr of exposure period showed slightly increased AB positive acidic contents mucosubstances as compared to 24 hrs (Figures 5(b) and 5(f)). Glycoprotein content from ECM of neuronal cells was more decreased after 72 hr of exposure period, but acidic mucosubstances were increased showing strong staining intensity (Figures 5(c) and 5(g)). At 96 hr weak and strong acids in the ECM of neuronal cells increased with declined carbohydrate content as neutral mucins (Figures 5(d) and 5(h)). Protein and lipid content of targeted cell reduced after ZnCl2 intoxication (Figures 6(b)–6(j)).
3.1.4. Comparative Account of Histochemical Alteration in Cerebral Ganglia of Bellamya bengalensis after Exposure to HgCl2 and ZnCl2
At comparative level, exposure to HgCl2 was found more prominent by changing histochemical contents in the cerebral ganglia of Bellamya bengalensis than to ZnCl2. After 72 and 96 hr major decrease in PAS positive material of ECM in neurons was observed. Acidic elements like sialomucins, sulphomucins, and other weak acidic mucins were increased as per exposure period from 24 to 96 hr. The increasing order of toxicity to Bellamya bengalensis wasfound to be Hg Zn Co. The comparative account of staining intensity score is noted in Table 2.
4. Discussion
Histochemically, a cerebral ganglion of snail Bellamya bengalensis has three different mucins zones, namely, periganglionic connective tissue sheath, interperikaryonal space, and neuropil. Similar results are reported in [23] about the cerebral ganglia of the Helix pomatia. Reference [24] has recorded that PS has an important role in water retention, regulation, and transportation mechanism, as per the different habitat (terrestrial and aquatic), and so histochemical components of ECM of CNS have marked role in maintaining the homeostasis of neuronal secretion and activity related to sudden changes in humidity and temperature. Reference [25] reported that chemical content of the neuronal cells played crucial role in the movement, guidance, and synaptic formation of neurons during developments which also determines the regeneration potential of neurons in the adult nervous tissue after the injury.
In the present investigation, histochemical results showed different monosaccharides, disaccharides, and other derivatives of carbohydrate and sulphated proteoglycans like heparin sulphate, chondroitin sulphate, hydectan, glypican, and syndecans, respectively; proteins and lipids were observed in major concentration in the ECM of cerebral neurons in snail Bellamya bengalensis. Histochemically, [26] documented carbohydrates as large molecules on the outside surface of all types of cell with its secretion and stored within cell and ECM. Alcian blue at pH 2.5 labeled most of the acidic sulphated groups which contained proteoglycans in CNS of Lymnaea stagnalis and Helix pomatia documented by [24]. Reference [27] reported concentration of neutral and acidic mucosubstances in the ECM of neurons from three different zones in Semperula maculata. In the present investigation we observed concentration of protein and lipid molecules in the neuronal cell and ECM of cerebral ganglia of all the experimental molluscan species. Reference [28] noted responsibility of protein macromolecules for the mechanical integrity of the ganglia. Whereas storage function of proteoglycans and predominantly negative charged sulphated proteoglycans for water and ionic salts, which provide significant polarity to the ECM.
After intoxication of HgCl2 and ZnCl2, glycoconjugates from different areas of neuronal cells were found declined as per increased time of exposure. The results obtained in the present study showed that the neutral mucins as polysaccharides and mucosaccharides containing hexose or deoxyhexoses with vic-glycol groups were decreased significantly against sublethal concentrations of HgCl2 and ZnCl2. Similarly scientist noted decreased concentration of neutral mucosubstances with elevated concentration of acidic content due to metal toxicity in the cells and glands of many organs of invertebrate animals [29]. The depletion of glycogen content may be due to its rapid utilization in the metabolic reaction to meet the energy demands under the impact of heavy metal toxicity.
Reduced concentration of neutral mucopolysaccharide in the ECM of neuronal cells indicated the active glycogenolysis in the tissues. Tissue acidosis due to reduced oxygen transport must have also favored the process of glycogenolysis. Likewise, in present study, the acidic mucopolysaccharide as chondroitin, chondroitin sulphate, kerato sulphate, hyaluronic acid, heparin, and heparin sulphate was significantly increased due to exposure to HgCl2 and ZnCl2. Authors in [30] observed histochemical changes in digestive gland of Homarus americanus where they documented increased concentration of acidic mucosubstances in tissues/cells of experimental animal. Decreased glycogen content in various organisms after exposure to the pollutant was well documented in [31]. Reference [32] documented toxicity of HgCl2 and CdCl2, where the neutral mucins decreased with increased acidic mucosubstances in the ECM of cerebral neurons in terrestrial slug Semperula maculata. Protein and lipid content from the cerebral ganglia was decreased after 96 hr of exposure to HgCl2 and ZnCl2. Reference [33] similarly documented that heavy metal toxicity minimized the concentration of the neutral mucosubstances, protein, and lipid in the hepatopancreas of the Barytelphusa guerini.
In conclusion, HgCl2 and ZnCl2 have altered histochemical content of neuronal cells of freshwater snail Bellamya bengalensis. Carbohydrate, protein, and lipid are the primary sources of energy; in intoxication as per exposure period these elements were highly utilized by experimental animal against the toxic stress of heavy metals. In toxicity point of view HgCl2 was found more toxic than ZnCl2.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
Acknowledgments
The authors are thankful to DST-PURSE, New Delhi, for providing financial support under scheme. The authors are also thankful to the Head of Department of Zoology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, for providing facilities in the progress of work.