Research Article

Musical Rhythms Affect Heart Rate Variability: Algorithm and Models

Table 1

Psychological models of musical features.

ReferenceYearAcoustic featuresEmotion spaceMethod
NumberCatalogType A: rhythm; B: pitch; C: timbre; D: other

[25]201270A()B()C()A: dynamic (); B: tonal (); C: spectral (), timbre ().RussellPerceivedGMM

[26]201211A()A: rhythm ().ThayerPerceivedC5

[27]201220A()B()C()A: rhythm (), intensity (); B: pitch and tonality (), harmony (); C: timbre ().VA-ResonancePerceivedKNN

[28]201260C()C: timbre ().ThayerFeltC4

[29]20129A()B()A: dynamics (), onset frequency (), tempo (), meter (), rhythmic regularity (), syncopation (); B: harmony (), pitch height (), melodic expectation ().TPerceivedMPW

[30]201216A()B()A: dynamic (), crescendo (), density (), speed (), tempo (), articulation (); B: direction (), surprise (), tendency (), mode (), dissonance (), harmonic surprise (), harmonic tempo (), high pitch (), low pitch (), closure ().D11PerceivedRegression

[31]201146A()B()C()D()A: temporal (), rhythmic (); B: melody/harmony (); C: spectral (); D: lyrics ().RussellPerceivedRegression

[32]20114A()B()A:tempo (), dynamics (); B: register (), contour ().TPerceivedANOVA

[33]201132C()C: spectral contrast and MFCCs (), echo nest timbre ().RussellPerceivedCRF

[34]2010292A()B()C()D()A: rhythm (); B: chords (); C: spectral (); D: lyrics (), metadata ().ThayerPerceivedSVM

[35]200913A()B()C()A: dynamics (), tempo (); B: mean pitch (), pitch variation (), texture (); C: timbre ().RussellFeltNN

[36]200918A()B()C()A: dynamics (), rhythm (), articulation (); B: harmony (), register (); C: timbre ().VATPerceivedRegression

[37]200829B(M)C(M)D(F)B: pitch (many); C: timbre (many); D: other (few).RussellPerceivedSVM

[38]20089A()B()D()A: temporal surface (), dynamics (); B: register (), tonality (); D: other ().VA-StrengthPerceivedRegression

[39]200815A()B()C()A: loudness (), volume (); B: tonal dissonance (), pure tonal (), complex tonal (), multiplicity (), tonality (), chord (); C: spectral centroid (), sharpness (), timbral width (), spectral dissonance ().ThayerPerceivedRegression

[40]20071B()B: pitch ().TPerceivedRegression

[41]200615A()B()A: loudness (), duration (); B: pitch ().ThayerPerceivedFuzzy

[42]200618A()B()C()A: dynamics (), tempo (); B: mean pitch (), pitch variation (), harmony (), texture (); C: timbre ().RussellPerceivedRegression

[43]20078A()B()C()A: tempo (), loudness (), articulation (); B: roughness (), melody (), ambitus (), register (); C: brightness ().VA-InterestPerceivedRegression

[44]20054B()B: pitch (stability, proximity, direction, mobility).TPerceivedFormula

[45]20046A()B()A: loudness (), spectral centroid (), tempo (); B: melodic (), contour (), texture ().RussellPerceivedRegression

Emotion space: V: valence; A: arousal; T: tension; D11: 11 dimensions.
Method: GMM: Gaussian mixture model; C5: classifiers 5; KNN: K-nearest neighborhood; C4: classifiers 4; MPW: moving perceptual window; ANOVA: analysis of variance; CRF: conditional random field; SVM: support vector machine; NN: neural network.