Bioimpedance measurement is gaining importance in wide field of bioresearch and biomedical systems due to its noninvasive nature. Noninvasive measurement method is very important to decrease infection and physical injuries which result due to invasive measurement. This paper presents basic principle of bioimpedance along with its application for blood glucose analysis and effect of frequency on impedance measurement. Input from bioimpedance sensor is given to amplifier and signal conditioner AD5933. AD5933 is then interfaced with microcontroller LPC1768 using I2C bus for displaying reading on LCD. Results can also be stored in database using UART interface of LPC1768.

D. K. Kamat

Dhanashri Bagul

P. M. Patil

Blood Glucose Measurement Using Bioimpedance Technique

This paper presents frequency agile filters based on current difference transconductance amplifier (CDTA) and voltage difference transconductance amplifier (VDTA). The proposed agile filter configurations employ grounded passive components and hence are suitable for integration. Extensive SPICE simulations using 0.25&#x2009;&#x3BC;m TSMC CMOS technology model parameters are carried out for functional verification. The proposed configurations are compared in terms of performance parameters such as power dissipation, signal to noise ratio (SNR), and maximum output noise voltage.

Neeta Pandey

Aseem Sayal

Richa Choudhary

Rajeshwari Pandey

Design of CDTA and VDTA Based Frequency Agile Filters

Signal acquisition represents the most important block in biomedical devices, because of its responsibilities to retrieve precise data from the biological tissues. In this paper an energy efficient data acquisition unit is presented which includes low power high bandwidth front-end amplifier and a 10-bit fully differential successive approximation ADC. The proposed system is designed with 0.18&#x2009;&#xb5;m CMOS technology and the simulation results show that the bioamplifier maintains a wide bandwidth versus low noise trade-off and the proposed SAR-ADC consumes 450&#x2009;nW power under 1.8&#x2009;V supply and retain the effective number of bit 9.55 in 100&#x2009;KS/s sampling rate.

Sadeque Reza Khan

M. S. Bhat

Low Power Data Acquisition System for Bioimplantable Devices

Nowadays, analog and mixed-signal (AMS) IC designs, mainly found in the frontends of large ICs, are highly dedicated, complex, and costly. They form a bottleneck in the communication with the outside world, determine an upper bound in quality, yield, and flexibility for the IC, and require a significant part of the power dissipation. Operating very close to physical limits, serious boundaries are faced. This paper relates, from a high-level point of view, these boundaries to the Shannon channel capacity and shows how the AMS circuitry forms a matching link in transforming the external analog signals, optimized for the communication medium, to the optimal on-chip signal representation, the digital one, for the IC medium. The signals in the AMS part itself are consequently not optimally matched to the IC medium. To further shift the frontiers of AMS design, a matching-driven design approach is crucial for AMS. Four levels will be addressed: technology-driven, states-driven, redundancy-driven, and nature-driven design. This is done based on an analysis of the various classes of AMS signals and their specific properties, seen from the angle of redundancy. This generic, but abstract way of looking at the design process will be substantiated with many specific examples.

Arthur H. M. van Roermund

Shifting the Frontiers of Analog and Mixed-Signal Electronics

The principal objective of this paper is to demonstrate the capability of high speed measurement and acquisition equipment design and build in the laboratory at a very low cost. The presented architecture employees highly integrated market components eliminating thus the complexity of the hardware and software stack. The key element of the proposed system is a Hi-Speed USB to Serial/FIFO development module that is provided with full software and driver support for most popular operating systems. This module takes over every single task needed to get the data from the A/D to the user software gluelessly and transparently, solving this way the most difficult problem in data acquisition systems which is the fast and reliable communication with a host computer. Other ideas tested and included in this document offer Hall Effect measuring solutions using some excellent features and very low cost ICs widely available on the market today.

Constantinos C. Kontogiannis

Athanasios N. Safacas

Design and Build of an Electrical Machines&#x2019; High Speed Measurement System at Low Cost

In digital systems, mostly adder lies in the critical path that affects the overall performance of the system. To perform fast addition operation at low cost, carry select adder (CSLA) is the most suitable among conventional adder structures. In this paper, a 3-T XOR gate is used to design an 8-bit CSLA as XOR gates are the essential blocks in designing higher bit adders. The proposed CSLA has reduced transistor count and has lesser power consumption as well as power-delay product (PDP) as compared to regular CSLA and modified CSLA.

Gagandeep Singh

Chakshu Goel

Design of Low Power and Efficient Carry Select Adder Using 3-T XOR Gate

Since Moore&#x2019;s law driven scaling of planar MOSFETs
faces formidable challenges in the nanometer regime, FinFETs and Trigate FETs have emerged as their successors. Owing
to the presence of multiple (two/three) gates, FinFETs/Trigate
FETs are able to tackle short-channel effects (SCEs) better than
conventional planar MOSFETs at deeply scaled technology nodes
and thus enable continued transistor scaling. In this paper, we
review research on FinFETs from the bottommost device level
to the topmost architecture level. We survey different types of
FinFETs, various possible FinFET asymmetries and their impact,
and novel logic-level and architecture-level tradeoffs offered by
FinFETs. We also review analysis and optimization tools that
are available for characterizing FinFET devices, circuits, and
architectures.

Debajit Bhattacharya

Niraj K. Jha

FinFETs: From Devices to Architectures

A new ultra-low-voltage (LV) low-power (LP) bulk-driven quasi-floating-gate (BD-QFG) operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) is presented in this paper. The proposed circuit is designed using 0.18&#x2009;&#x3bc;m CMOS technology. A supply voltage of &#xb1;0.3&#x2009;V and a quiescent bias current of 5&#x2009;&#x3bc;A are used. The PSpice simulation result shows that the power consumption of the proposed BD-QFG OTA is 13.4&#x2009;&#x3bc;W. Thus, the circuit is suitable for low-power applications. In order to confirm that the proposed BD-QFG OTA can be used in analog signal processing, a BD-QFG OTA-based diodeless precision rectifier is designed as an example application. This rectifier employs only two BD-QFG OTAs and consumes only 26.8&#x2009;&#x3bc;W.

Ziad Alsibai

Salma Bay Abo Dabbous

Ultra-Low-Voltage Low-Power Bulk-Driven Quasi-Floating-Gate Operational Transconductance Amplifier

Image recognition with occlusion is one of the popular problems in pattern recognition. This paper partitions the images into some modules in two layers and the sparsity difference is used to evaluate the occluded modules. The final identification is processed on the unoccluded modules by sparse representation. Firstly, we partition the images into four blocks and sparse representation is performed on each block, so the sparsity of each block can be obtained; secondly, each block is partitioned again into two modules. Sparsity of each small module is calculated as the first step. Finally, the sparsity difference of small module with the corresponding block is used to detect the occluded modules; in this paper, the small modules with negative sparsity differences are considered as occluded modules. The identification is performed on the selected unoccluded modules by sparse representation. Experiments on the AR and Yale B database verify the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed method.

Shuhuan Zhao

Zheng-ping Hu

[Retracted] Occluded Face Recognition Based on Double Layers Module Sparsity Difference

Medium-range inductive wireless power transmission systems allow a sufficient power transfer without requiring  close proximity between a primary coil and a secondary coil. We briefly investigate the range of a typical system and its radiated emission, from the perspectives of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) and human exposure requirements. We then discuss the applicable legislation in the European Union, the main question being the applicability of the R&#x26;TTE or radio equipment directives. Our conclusion is that this applicability depends on multiple parameters, among which is the presence of a self-tuning capability or of a transmitter control based on telemetry.

Fr&#xe9;d&#xe9;ric Broyd&#xe9;

Evelyne Clavelier

Lucie Broyd&#xe9;

The European Legislation Applicable to Medium-Range Inductive Wireless Power Transmission Systems

Implantable medical devices provide therapy to treat numerous health conditions as well as monitoring and diagnosis. Over the years, the development of these devices has seen remarkable progress thanks to tremendous advances in microelectronics, electrode technology, packaging and signal processing techniques. Many of today&#x2019;s implantable devices use wireless technology to supply power and provide communication. There are many challenges when creating an implantable device. Issues such as reliable and fast bidirectional data communication, efficient power delivery to the implantable circuits, low noise and low power for the recording part of the system, and delivery of safe stimulation to avoid tissue and electrode damage are some of the challenges faced by the microelectronics circuit designer. This paper provides a review of advances in microelectronics over the last decade or so for implantable medical devices and systems. The focus is on neural recording and stimulation circuits suitable for fabrication in modern silicon process technologies and biotelemetry methods for power and data transfer, with particular emphasis on methods employing radio frequency inductive coupling. The paper concludes by highlighting some of the issues that will drive future research in the field.

Andreas Demosthenous

Advances in Microelectronics for Implantable Medical Devices

InAs/(In,Ga)Sb type-II strained layer superlattices (T2SLs) have made significant progress since they were first proposed as an infrared (IR) sensing material more than three decades ago. Numerous theoretically predicted advantages that T2SL offers over present-day detection technologies, heterojunction engineering capabilities, and technological preferences make T2SL technology promising candidate for the realization of high performance IR imagers. Despite concentrated efforts of many research groups, the T2SLs have not revealed full potential yet. This paper attempts to provide a comprehensive review of the current status of T2SL detectors and discusses origins of T2SL device performance degradation, in particular, surface and bulk dark-current components. Various approaches of dark current reduction with their pros and cons are presented.

Elena A. Plis

InAs/GaSb Type-II Superlattice Detectors

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Advances in Electronics